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. 2011 Mar 1;6(3):250–255. doi: 10.1007/s11552-011-9326-8

Table 1.

Levels of evidence

Level Therapeutic studies Prognostic studies
I High-quality randomized controlled trial High-quality prospective study
II Lesser-quality randomized controlled trial Retrospective study
Prospective comparative study Lesser-quality prospective study
III Retrospective comparative study Case–control study
IV Case series Case series
V Expert opinion Expert opinion