Table 3.
Hazard Ratios for Cardiovascular Disease, According to Models with and without Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) Intima–Media Thicknesses.*
| Risk Factor | Model with Risk Factors Only | Model with Risk Factors and ICA Intima–Media Thickness | Model with Risk Factors and ICA Intima–Media Thickness >1.5 mm | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio or C Statistic (95% CI) | P Value | Hazard Ratio or C Statistic (95% CI) | P Value | Hazard Ratio or C Statistic (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Sex, female vs. male | 0.74 (0.57–0.95) | 0.02 | 0.78 (0.61–1.01) | 0.06 | 0.79 (0.61–1.02) | 0.07 |
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| Age, per increase of 1 yr | 1.05 (1.04–1.07) | <0.001 | 1.05 (1.03–1.06) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | <0.001 |
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| Systolic pressure, per increase of 1 mm Hg | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.00–1.02) | 0.002 |
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| Treatment for high blood pressure, yes vs. no | 1.55 (1.21–2.00) | <0.001 | 1.51 (1.18–1.95) | 0.001 | 1.47 (1.14–1.89) | 0.003 |
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| Cholesterol, per increase of 1 mg/dl
| ||||||
| Total | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.02 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.03 | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) | 0.03 |
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| HDL | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | <0.001 | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | <0.001 |
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| Diabetes, yes vs. no | 1.44 (1.06–1.97) | 0.02 | 1.41 (1.03–1.92) | 0.03 | 1.38 (1.01–1.88) | 0.04 |
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| Cigarette smoking, yes vs. no | 2.23 (1.67–2.98) | <0.001 | 2.10 (1.57–2.81) | <0.001 | 1.97 (1.47–2.64) | <0.001 |
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| ICA intima–media thickness
| ||||||
| Per increase of 1 mm | 1.26 (1.16–1.36) | <0.001 | ||||
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| Per increase of 1 SD | 1.21 (1.13–1.29) | <0.001 | ||||
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| Thickness ≥1.5 mm, representing plaque | 1.92 (1.49–2.47) | <0.001 | ||||
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| C statistic | 0.748 (0.719–0.776) | 0.758 (0.730–0.785) | 0.762 (0.734–0.789) | |||
*
The results of Cox proportional-hazards models are shown. HDL denotes high-density lipoprotein