Table 3. Summary of Glutamate ¹H-MRS Studies.

Author (year)	Tesla	Studied group	Medication status	Brain region	Glutamate results
Bartha et al, 1997	1.5	Schizophrenia	Antipsychotic-naïve	Medial prefrontal cortex	No differences
Théberge et al, 2002	4	Schizophrenia	Antipsychotic-naïve	Anterior cingulate thalamus	No differences
Théberge et al, 2003	4	Schizophrenia	Antipsychotic treated	Anterior cingulate	Decreased
Tibbo et al, 2004	3	High genetic risk for schizophrenia	Unmedicated	Medial prefrontal cortex	Glu/Gln increased
Ohrmann et al, 2005	1.5	Schizophrenia	Antipsychotic treated	Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Glu/Gln increased
van Elst et al, 2005	2	Schizophrenia	Antipsychotic treated	Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex hippocampus	Increased
Théberge et al, 2007	4	First-episode schizophrenia	Antipsychotic-naïve	Anterior cingulate thalamus	No differences
Olbrich et al, 2008	2	Schizophrenia	60% antipsychotic treated	Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	Increased
Purdon et al, 2008	3	High genetic risk for schizophrenia	Unmedicated	Medial prefrontal cortex	Increased
Keshavan et al, 2009	1.5	High genetic risk for schizophrenia	Unmedicated	Inferior parietal/occipital cortex	Glu+Gln increased
Stone et al, 2009	3	Prodromal	18% Antipsychotic treated	Thalamus	Decreased
Lutkenhoff et al, 2010	3	Discordant twins for schizophrenia	Antipsychotic treated	Medial prefrontal cortex	Decreased
Bustillo et al, 2010	4	Schizophrenia	Minimally treated	Anterior cingulate	Gln/Glu increased
Stone et al, 2010	3	Prodromal	Unreported	Hippocampus	Decreased
Wood et al, 2010	3	Prodromal	Antipsychotic-naïve	Hippocampus	No differences

Abbreviations: Gln, glutamine; Glu, glutamate.