Table 2.
Percentage of patients in whom serum potassium was measured and percentage of patients with hyperkalaemia (defined as serum potassium level ≥5.5 mEql/L) for users of 1 PID versus users of ≥2 PIDs
| Potassium measured | Hyperkalaemia | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Monotherapy: 1 PID (n = 8,045) | Interaction: ≥2 PIDs (n = 1,396) | Relative risk (95% CI) | Monotherapy: 1 PID (n = 4,520) | Interaction: ≥2 PIDs (n = 930) | Relative risk (95% CI) | |
| Overall | 56.2% (4,520/8,045) | 66.6% (930/1,396) | 1.19 (1.14-1.24) | 5.9% (267/4,520) | 9.9% (92/930) | 1.68 (1.34-2.10) |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| 18–50 | 56.8% (989/1,742) | 70.8% (114/161) | 1.25 (1.12-1.39) | 6.2% (61/989) | 12.3% (14/114) | 1.99 (1.15-3.44) |
| 50–70 | 55.3% (1,921/3,473) | 64.3% (369/574) | 1.16 (1.09-1.24) | 5.6% (107/1,921) | 8.4% (31/369) | 1.51 (1.03-2.21) |
| 70–80 | 54.7% (964/1,761) | 68.5% (263/384) | 1.25 (1.16-1.36) | 5.2% (50/964) | 9.5% (25/263) | 1.83 (1.16-2.90) |
| ≥80 | 60.4% (646/1,069) | 66.4% (184/277) | 1.10 (1.0-1.21) | 7.6% (49/646) | 12.0% (22/184) | 1.58 (0.98-2.54) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 58.4% (2,326/3,981)) | 67.4% (506/751) | 1.15 (1.09-1.22) | 6.3% (147/2,326) | 9.5% (48/506) | 1.50 (1.10-2.05) |
| Female | 54.0% (2,194/4,064) | 65.7% (424/645) | 1.22 (1.14-1.30) | 5.5% (120/2,194) | 10.4% (44/424) | 1.90 (1.37-2.64) |
| Renal function | ||||||
| eGFR ≥ 80 mL/min | 97.2% (1,438/1,479) | 99.2% (122/123) | 1.02 (1.00-1.04) | 2.5% (36/1,438) | 4.1% (5/122) | 1.64 (0.65-4.10) |
| eGFR 50–80 mL/min | 97.5% (1,829/1,876) | 99.7% (374/375) | 1.02 (1.01-1.03) | 2.6% (48/1,829) | 4.0% (15/374) | 1.53 (0.87-2.70) |
| eGFR ≤ 50 mL/min | 99.3% (1,142/1,150) | 99.8% (421/422) | 1.01 (1.00-1.01) | 15.8% (181/1,142) | 16.9% (71/421) | 1.06 (0.83-1.37) |
| Unknown | 3.1% (111/3,540) | 2.7% (13/476) | 0.87 (0.49-1.54) | 1.8% (2/111) | 7.7% (1/13) | 4.27 (0.42-43.91) |
| Diabetes | 54.0% (855/1,582) | 69.1% (235/340) | 1.28 (1.18-1.39) | 10.1% (86/855) | 12.8% (30/235) | 1.27 (0.86-1.87) |
| Non-diabetes | 56.7% (3,665/6,463) | 65.8% (695/1,056) | 1.16 (1.11-1.22) | 4.9% (181/3,665) | 8.9% (62/695) | 1.81 (1.37-2.38) |
| Diuretics | 55.5% (1,723/3,106) | 66.5% (730/1,097) | 1.20 (1.14-1.26) | 7.7% (133/1,723) | 10.8% (79/730) | 1.40 (1.08-1.83) |
| Thiazide | 45.0% (597/1328) | 63.4% (92/145) | 1.41 (1.23-1.62) | 1.5% (9/597) | 4.3% (4/92) | 2.88 (0.91-9.17) |
| Loop | 62.9% (1,036/1,648) | 67.3% (588/874) | 1.07 (1.01-1.14) | 10.5% (109/1036) | 11.2% (66/588) | 1.07 (0.80-1.42) |
| Thiazide + loop | 69.2% (90/130) | 64.1% (50/78) | 0.93 (0.76-1.13) | 16.7% (15/90) | 18.0% (9/50) | 1.08 (0.51-2.29) |
| No diuretics | 56.6% (2,797/4,939) | 66.9% (200/299) | 1.18 (1.09-1.28) | 4.8% (134/2,797) | 6.5% (13/200) | 1.36 (0.78-2.35) |
| Interactiona | ||||||
| Type1 | 56.2% (4,520/8,045) | 65.6% (464/707) | 1.17 (1.10-1.24) | 5.9% (267/4,520) | 9.1% (42/464) | 1.53 (1.12-2.10) |
| Type 2 | 56.2% (4,520/8,045) | 65.9% (330/501) | 1.17 (1.10-1.25) | 5.9% (267/4,520) | 7.9% (26/330) | 1.33 (0.91-1.96) |
| Type 3 | 56.2% (4,520/8,045) | 72.3% (136/188) | 1.29 (1.18-1.41) | 5.9% (267/4,520) | 17.6% (24/136) | 2.99 (2.04-4.37) |
| Start drug or interaction | ||||||
| At home | 52.1% (2,706/5,192) | 63.0% (436/692) | 1.21 (1.14-1.29) | 5.9% (159/2,706) | 6.7% (29/436) | 1.13 (0.77-1.66) |
| During hospitalisation | 63.6% (1,814/2,853) | 70.2% (494/704) | 1.10 (1.04-1.17) | 6.0% (108/1,814) | 12.8% (63/494) | 2.14 (1.60-2.88) |
| Department | ||||||
| Internal medicine specialities | 66.4% (2,453/3,694) | 68.6% (670/977) | 1.03 (0.98-1.08) | 8.2% (202/2,453) | 10.4% (70/670) | 1.27 (0.98-1.64) |
| Non-internal medical specialities | 47.5% (2,067/4,351) | 62.1% (260/419) | 1.31 (1.20-1.42) | 3.1% (65/2,063) | 8.5% (22/260) | 2.69 (1.69-4.29) |
aType 1, RAS-inhibitor + potassium sparing diuretic; type 2, RAS-inhibitor + potassium supplement; type 3, potassium sparing diuretic + potassium supplement