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The basic ERK/MAPK pathway backbone. Various external stimuli can cause changes in the levels of RasGTP (RasT), which induces activation of the three-tiered ERK1/2 cascade. Both MEK and ERK need two phosphorylations to become fully activated kinases. Doubly phosphorylated ERK (ppERK) enters the nucleus to affect gene transcription, but also has cytosolic substrates.
