. 2011 May 13;301(2):H488–H496. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.01116.2010

Table 1.

Effect of levosimendan on hemodynamic and LV diastolic functional responses to heart rate in HF

	Pacing Rate, bpm
	Baseline	140	160	180	200
Normal
Heart rate, bpm	101 ± 9.8	140 ± 0.2^*	157 ± 1.2^*	179 ± 1.2^*	199 ± 0.7^*
Peak +dP/dt, mmHg/s	2163 ± 249	2086 ± 504	2120 ± 528	2122 ± 489	2090 ± 524
Peak −dP/dt, mmHg/s	−1835 ± 195	−1836 ± 334	−1862 ± 309	−1865 ± 319	−1810 ± 354
LV end-systolic pressure, mmHg	97.2 ± 11.1	93.7 ± 17.3	93.4 ± 14.7	92.4 ± 16.1	88.7 ± 17.7^*
LV end-diastolic pressure, mmHg	11.6 ± 3.3	7.5 ± 2.4^*	6.4 ± 1.2^*	6.7 ± 1.0^*	5.9 ± 1.9^*
LV end-systolic volume, ml	26.8 ± 10.7	25.5 ± 10.4^*	25.4 ± 10.5^*	24.6 ± 10.6^*	23.9 ± 10.1^*
LV end-diastolic volume, ml	40.3 ± 12.0	35.4 ± 12.5^*	34.5 ± 12.5^*	32.7 ± 12.4^*	31.6 ± 11.9^*
Stroke volume, ml	13.4 ± 1.6	9.8 ± 2.3^*	9.1 ± 2.4^*	8.2 ± 1.8^*	7.6 ± 1.9^*
Cardiac output, ml/min	1363 ± 209	1373 ± 326	1428 ± 378	1465 ± 328	1517 ± 384
Time constant τ, ms	31.1 ± 1.7	29.0 ± 2.0	26.6 ± 2.1^*	25.6 ± 1.8^*	24.9 ± 2.1^*
HF Control
Heart rate, bpm	120 ± 12.5	140 ± 0.1^*	157 ± 0.4^*	179 ± 1.2^*	198 ± 1.6^*
Peak +dP/dt, mmHg/s	1401 ± 370^†	1363 ± 413^†	1424 ± 349^†	1448 ± 358^†	1437 ± 356^†
Peak −dP/dt, mmHg/s	−1425 ± 257^†	−1410 ± 280^†	−1464 ± 240^†	−1487 ± 237^†	−1482 ± 210^†
LV end-systolic pressure, mmHg	94.2 ± 8.2	93.4 ± 8.5	95.9 ± 7.3	92.9 ± 8.0	91.8 ± 8.4^*
LV end-diastolic pressure, mmHg	29.9 ± 5.1^†	26.2 ± 5.4^*^†	24.7 ± 5.0^*^†	23.1 ± 4.2^*^†	24.0 ± 5.4^*^†
LV end-systolic volume, ml	41.0 ± 14.5^†	41.5 ± 14.5^†	40.9 ± 14.4^†	40.3 ± 14.2^†	39.3 ± 14.0^†
LV end-diastolic volume, ml	52.2 ± 17.6^†	50.7 ± 16.4^†	49.9 ± 16.8^*^†	47.9 ± 16.0^*^†	46.2 ± 15.7^*^†
Stroke volume, ml	11.3 ± 3.8	9.2 ± 2.1^*	8.9 ± 2.6^*	7.6 ± 2.2^*	6.9 ± 2.0^*
Cardiac output, ml/min	1331 ± 365	1286 ± 295	1393 ± 415	1373 ± 403	1362 ± 395
Time constant τ, ms	45.7 ± 6.9^†	45.9 ± 7.8^†	44.1 ± 7.2^†	42.0 ± 6.5^*^†	41.7 ± 4.9^*^†
HF & LS
Heart rate, bpm	119 ± 19.1	140 ± 1.8^*	157 ± 0.5^*	179 ± 2.1^*	198 ± 1.7^*
Peak +dP/dt, mmHg/s	1717 ± 471^‡	1654 ± 451^‡	1709 ± 459^‡	1741 ± 435^‡	1805 ± 391^‡
Peak −dP/dt, mmHg/s	−1629 ± 266^‡	−1597 ± 210^‡	−1665 ± 224^‡	−1668 ± 215^‡	−1732 ± 197^‡
LV end-systolic pressure, mmHg	96.5 ± 4.7	93.0 ± 5.8	94.7 ± 7.1	93.6 ± 7.1	94.6 ± 7.1
LV end-diastolic pressure, mmHg	26.1 ± 6.3	20.6 ± 4.8^‡	19.6 ± 5.9^*^‡	18.7 ± 4.2^*^‡	19.5 ± 4.5^*^‡
LV end-systolic volume, ml	37.4 ± 12.5^‡	36.7 ± 12.2^*^‡	36.3 ± 11.1^‡	35.5 ± 10.8^‡	35.0 ± 11.1^*^‡
LV end-diastolic volume, ml	50.4 ± 15.6	47.3 ± 14.6^*^‡	46.4 ± 13.6^*^‡	44.8 ± 13.5^*^‡	44.1 ± 13.9^*
Stroke volume, ml	12.9 ± 3.8^‡	10.6 ± 3.1^*	10.1 ± 3.0^*^‡	9.3 ± 3.1^*^‡	9.1 ± 3.2^*^‡
Cardiac output, ml/min	1562 ± 468^‡	1496 ± 433	1590 ± 479^‡	1678 ± 566^‡	1800 ± 640^*^‡
Time constant τ, ms	40.8 ± 6.3^‡	37.2 ± 6.6^*^‡	35.8 ± 6.8^*^‡	34.7 ± 6.2^*^‡	34.1 ± 4.8^*^‡

Values are mean ± SD.

P < 0.05 vs. corresponding baseline values;

^†

P < 0.05, differences between normal and heart failure (HF) control;

^‡

P < 0.05, differences between HF control and HF with levosimendan (HF & LS) at each pacing rate. LV, left ventricle; bpm, beats/min.