. 2011 May 13;301(2):H488–H496. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.01116.2010

Table 2.

Effect of levosimendan on the P_ES-V_ES relations, LV-arterial coupling, and mechanical efficiency responses to heart rate in HF

	Pacing Rate, bpm
	Baseline	140	160	180	200
Normal
E_ES, mmHg/ml	6.6 ± 1.5	8.6 ± 2.9	10.2 ± 3.0^*	10.8 ± 2.5^*	14.4 ± 5.1^*
E_A, mmHg/ml	7.3 ± 1.2	9.8 ± 2.3^*	10.8 ± 3.2^*	11.5 ± 2.1^*	12.1 ± 3.4^*
E_ES/E_A	0.92 ± 0.25	0.91 ± 0.39	1.0 ± 0.4	0.96 ± 0.31	1.3 ± 0.67
SW/PVA	0.61 ± 0.07	0.59 ± 0.10	0.61 ± 0.08	0.59 ± 0.07	0.63 ± 0.11
V_{90, ES}	23.8 ± 9.0	23.8 ± 8.3	23.8 ± 8.7	23.4 ± 8.8	23.3 ± 9.0
HF Control
E_ES, mmHg/ml	4.9 ± 1.0^†	5.3 ± 1.0^†	5.5 ± 0.7^*^†	5.6 ± 0.8^*^†	5.9 ± 1.2^*^†
E_A, mmHg/ml	9.8 ± 4.4	10.8 ± 3.1	11.7 ± 3.6^*	13.7 ± 3.7^*	14.7 ± 4.9^*
E_ES/E_A	0.56 ± 0.14^†	0.51 ± 0.13^†	0.47 ± 0.12^*^†	0.42 ± 0.12^*^†	0.42 ± 0.11^*^†
SW/PVA	0.52 ± 0.06^†	0.49 ± 0.05^†	0.47 ± 0.05^*^†	0.43 ± 0.05^*^†	0.43 ± 0.05^*^†
V_{90, ES}	35.7 ± 12.8	36.6 ± 13.4	37.1 ± 13.3	36.6 ± 13.4	36.1 ± 12.3
HF & LS
E_ES, mmHg/ml	6.2 ± 1.6^‡	7.6 ± 0.8^‡	8.5 ± 1.3^*^‡	10.4 ± 2.3^*^‡	11.7 ± 2.6^*^‡
E_A, mmHg/ml	8.4 ± 2.1	9.8 ± 2.7	10.5 ± 3.3^*^‡	11.3 ± 3.7^*^‡	12.2 ± 4.4^*^‡
E_ES/E_A	0.75 ± 0.15^‡	0.83 ± 0.23^‡	0.87 ± 0.28^‡	0.98 ± 0.33^‡	1.0 ± 0.37^‡
SW/PVA	0.60 ± 0.06^‡	0.61 ± 0.05^‡	0.61 ± 0.07^‡	0.63 ± 0.07^‡	0.64 ± 0.08^‡
V_{90, ES}	32.6 ± 11.9^‡	33.3 ± 12.1^‡	33.4 ± 12.0^‡	33.2 ± 11.1^‡	33.1 ± 11.1^‡

Values are means ± SD.

P < 0.05, vs. baseline;

^†

P < 0.05, differences between normal and HF control;

^‡

P < 0.05, differences between HF control and HF & LS at each pacing rate. P_ES, end-systolic pressure; V_ES, end-systolic volume; E_ES, end-systolic elastance; E_A, effective arterial elastance; SW, stroke work; PVA, pressure-volume area; V_{90, ES}, end-systolic volume at end-systolic pressure equal to 90 mmHg.