Table 1.
Vessel size | Experimental Method | Occlusion | Nonoccluded + Exercise | Occlusion + Exercise |
---|---|---|---|---|
Epicardial arteries (approximately 1 mm) | Isometric tension | ↔ Relaxation to BK and ADPa | ↑ Relaxation to BK and ADPc | ↑ Relaxation to BK and ADPc |
Fura-2 | ↔ Basal endothelial cell Ca2 + a | ↓ Basal endothelial cell Ca2 + c | ↓ Basal endothelial cell Ca2 + c,d | |
Fura-2 | ↔ BK-stimulated endothelial cell Ca2 + a | ↑ BK-stimulated endothelial cell Ca2 + c | ↑ BK-stimulated endothelial cell Ca2 + c | |
HPLC | ↔ BK-stimulated nitric oxidea | ↑ BK-stimulated nitric oxidee | ↑ BK-stimulated nitric oxidee | |
Immunoblot | ↑ Total eNOS proteind | ↔ Total eNOS proteinb | ↑ Total eNOS proteinc | |
Immunoblot | ↔ p-eNOS (Ser1179) proteina | ↔ p-eNOS (Ser1179) proteinb | ↑ p-eNOS (Ser1179) proteind | |
LSCM | ↔ eNOS:caveolin-1 PM distributiona | ↑ eNOS:caveolin-1 PM distributionc | ↑ eNOS:caveolin-1 PM distributionc | |
Isometric tension | ↑ NO-dependent basal tonef | ↔ NO-dependent basal toneb | ↑ NO-dependent basal tonef | |
Isometric tension | ↓ Relaxation to adenosined | ↔ Relaxation to adenosineb | ↔ Relaxation to adenosinea | |
Isometric tension | ↓ Relaxation to isoproterenold | ↔ Relaxation to isoproterenolb | ↔ Relaxation to isoproterenola | |
Combined tension + fura-2 | ↓ Relaxation, Ca2 + Removal to adenosined | ↔ Relaxation, Ca2 + removal to adenosineb | ↔ Relaxation, Ca2 + removal to adenosinea | |
Small arteries (approximately 150–400 μm) | Isometric tension | ↔ Ca2 + -dependent basal tonea | ↔ Ca2 + -dependent basal toneb | ↑ Ca2 + -dependent basal tonec,d |
Isometric tension | ↔ Nitric oxide contribution to basal tonea | ↔ Nitric oxide contribution to basal toneb | ↑ Nitric oxide contribution to basal tonec,d | |
Isometric tension | ↔ Kv channel contribution to basal tonea | ↔ Kv channel contribution to basal toneb | ↑ Kv channel contribution to basal toned | |
Immunoblot | ↔ Total eNOS proteina | ↔ Total eNOS proteinb | ↑ Total eNOS proteinc | |
Immunoblot | ↑ p-eNOS (Ser1179) proteind | ↑ p-eNOS (Ser1179) proteinc | ↑ p-eNOS (Ser1179) proteinc | |
Isometric tension | ↔ Constriction to ET-1a | ↔ Constriction to ET-1b | ↑ Constriction to ET-1d | |
Combined tension + fura-2 | ↔ ET-1-mediated Ca2 + sensitizationa | ↔ ET-1-mediated Ca2 + sensitizationb | ↑ ET-1-mediated Ca2 + sensitizationd | |
Isometric tension | ↔ PKC-mediated ET-1 constrictiona | ↔ PKC-mediated ET-1 constrictionb | ↑ PKC-mediated ET-1 constrictiond | |
Isometric tension | ↔ Constriction to PDBUa | ↔ Constriction to PDBUb | ↑ Constriction to PDBUd | |
Arterioles (approximately 100 μm) | Cannulated microvessel | ↓ Dilation to bradykinind | ↔ Dilation to bradykininb | ↔ Dilation to bradykinina |
Cannulated microvessel | ↓ NO-dependent dilation to bradykinind | ↔ NO-dependent dilation to bradykininb | ↔ NO-dependent dilation to bradykinina | |
Polymerase chain reaction | ↓ eNOS mRNAd | ↔ eNOS mRNAb | ↔ eNOS mRNAa | |
Cannulated microvessel | ↔ Dilation to VEGF165a | ↔ Dilation to VEGF165b | ↑ Dilation to VEGF165c,d | |
Cannulated microvessel | ↔ NO-dependent dilation to VEGF165a | ↔ NO-dependent dilation to VEGF165b | ↑ NO-dependent dilation to VEGF165c,d | |
Immunoblot | ↔ VEGFR1 proteina | ↔ VEGFR1 proteinb | ↑ VEGFR1 proteinc,d | |
Immunoblot | ↔ VEGFR2 proteina | ↔ VEGFR2 proteinb | ↑ VEGFR2 proteinc,d | |
Immunoblot | ↔ Neuropilin-1 proteina | ↔ Neuropilin-1 proteinb | ↑ Neuropilin-1 proteinc,d | |
Cannulated microvessel | ↓ Dilation to adenosined | ↔ Dilation to adenosineb | ↔ Dilation to adenosinea | |
Cannulated microvessel | ↓ NO-dependent dilation to adenosined | ↔ NO-dependent dilation to adenosineb | ↑ NO-dependent dilation to adenosinec | |
Cannulated microvessel | ↓ Dilation to ionomycind | ↔ Dilation to ionomycinb | ↔ Dilation to ionomycina | |
Cannulated microvessel | ↓ NO-dependent dilation to ionomycind | ↔ NO-dependent dilation to ionomycinb | ↑ NO-dependent dilation to ionomycinc | |
Cannulated microvessel | ↑ H2O2-dependent dilation to adenosineg |
Occlusion, vascular adaptations in collateral-dependent region; Nonoccluded + Exercise, vascular adaptations with exercise training in nonoccluded region; Occlusion + Exercise, vascular adaptations with exercise training in collateral-dependent region; BK, bradykinin; ADP, adenosine diphosphate; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; p-eNOS, phosphorylated eNOS; LSCM, laser-scanning confocal microscopy; PM, plasma membrane; ET-1, endothelin-1; PDBU, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate; NO, nitric oxide; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide.
Not different from respective nonoccluded artery.
Not different from respective artery of sedentary pig.
Significantly different from respective artery of sedentary pig.
Significantly different from respective nonoccluded artery.
Significant exercise training effect independent of occlusion.
Significant occlusion effect independent of exercise training.
Significantly different from all other vessel treatment groups.