Fig. 5.

A: real-time PCR revealed that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) mRNA was increased at 5 h following cycling but was not different between saline and β-AR blockade (propranolol) trials. B–F: downstream mRNA signals for mitochondrial biogenesis were not different at 1 and 5 h following cycling between saline and β-AR blockade trials. Data are expressed as fold change compared with 1-h saline. TFAM, transcription factor A, mitochondrial; NRF1 and NRF2, nuclear respiratory factors 1 and 2; COX7a, cytochrome c oxidase subunit VIIa; mtND4, mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 4.