Table 2.
Functional limitations |
Feelings of social isolation |
Depressive symptomatology |
||||||||||
B | β | SE | t | B | β | SE | t | B | β | SE | t | |
Step 1 (sociodemographic variables) | ||||||||||||
Gender | 0.86 | .14 | 0.22 | 3.96*** | 0.32 | .13 | 0.09 | 3.54*** | 1.59 | .16 | 0.36 | 4.44*** |
Age | 0.06 | .16 | 0.01 | 4.42*** | −0.01 | −.06 | 0.01 | −1.70 | 0.05 | .08 | 0.02 | 2.31* |
Education | −0.55 | −.19 | 0.11 | −5.22*** | −0.03 | −.02 | 0.04 | −0.56 | −0.72 | −.15 | 0.18 | −4.10*** |
Race | 0.32 | .04 | 0.27 | 1.18 | 0.29 | .10 | 0.11 | 2.62** | −0.04 | −.00 | 0.44 | −0.09 |
F(4,733) | 19.15*** | 6.30*** | 11.93*** | |||||||||
R2 | .095 | .033 | .061 | |||||||||
Step 2 (test of direct relationships) | ||||||||||||
Gender | 0.74 | .12 | 0.22 | 3.42*** | 0.13 | .05 | 0.09 | 1.48 | 0.97 | .10 | 0.34 | 2.83** |
Age | 0.04 | .11 | 0.02 | 2.97*** | −0.02 | −.10 | 0.01 | −2.70** | 0.02 | .04 | 0.02 | 0.99 |
Education | −0.44 | −.15 | 0.11 | −4.13*** | −0.02 | −.02 | 0.04 | −0.52 | −0.56 | −.12 | 0.17 | −3.36*** |
Race | 0.03 | .01 | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.20 | .07 | 0.11 | 1.88 | −0.68 | −.06 | 0.42 | −1.62 |
Self-reported vision | 0.56 | .19 | 0.11 | 5.00*** | 0.14 | .11 | 0.05 | 3.14** | 1.22 | .25 | 0.18 | 6.88*** |
Visual acuity | 0.47 | .11 | 0.16 | 2.95** | 0.03 | .01 | 0.06 | 0.39 | 0.25 | .04 | 0.25 | 0.97 |
Relationship satisfaction | −0.12 | −.03 | 0.15 | −0.78 | −0.47 | −.31 | 0.06 | −7.95*** | −1.32 | −.22 | 0.23 | −5.66*** |
Supportive spouse behaviors | 0.44 | .06 | 0.31 | 1.43 | −0.22 | −.07 | 0.12 | −1.79 | −0.42 | −.03 | 0.48 | −0.86 |
Time w/spouse | 0.19 | .03 | 0.21 | 0.90 | −0.05 | −.02 | 0.09 | −0.58 | 0.12 | .01 | 0.34 | 0.37 |
ΔF(5,728) | 9.13*** | 25.06*** | 22.79*** | |||||||||
ΔR2 | .053 | .142 | .127 | |||||||||
Step 3A (moderator test for self-reported vision [subjective vision]) | ||||||||||||
Gender | 0.74 | .12 | 0.22 | 3.44*** | 0.13 | .05 | 0.09 | 1.50 | 0.99 | .10 | 0.34 | 2.89** |
Age | 0.05 | .12 | 0.01 | 3.27*** | −0.02 | −.09 | 0.01 | −2.61** | 0.03 | .04 | 0.02 | 1.23 |
Education | −0.42 | −.15 | 0.11 | −4.03*** | −0.02 | −.02 | 0.04 | −0.41 | −0.52 | −.11 | 0.17 | −3.13** |
Race | 0.02 | .00 | 0.26 | 0.07 | 0.20 | .07 | 0.11 | 1.84 | −0.72 | −.06 | 0.42 | −1.73 |
Self-reported vision | 0.44 | .15 | 0.15 | 2.90** | 0.10 | .08 | 0.06 | 1.67 | 0.99 | .20 | 0.24 | 4.06*** |
Visual acuity | 0.46 | .11 | 0.16 | 2.89** | 0.03 | .02 | 0.06 | 0.41 | 0.24 | .03 | 0.25 | 0.95 |
Relationship satisfaction | −0.07 | −.02 | 0.15 | −0.51 | −0.46 | −.31 | 0.06 | −7.86*** | −1.28 | −.21 | 0.23 | −5.51*** |
Supportive spouse behaviors | 0.23 | .03 | 0.31 | 0.74 | −0.21 | −.07 | 0.13 | −1.70 | −0.45 | −.04 | 0.50 | −0.90 |
Time w/spouse | 0.16 | .03 | 0.21 | 0.77 | −0.05 | −.02 | 0.09 | −0.59 | 0.10 | .01 | 0.34 | 0.30 |
Interaction of Self-reported Vision × | ||||||||||||
Relationship Satisfaction | −0.51 | −.14 | 0.13 | −3.80*** | −0.06 | −.04 | 0.05 | −1.06 | −.71 | −.12 | 0.21 | −3.35*** |
Supportive Spouse Behaviors | 1.00 | .11 | 0.35 | 2.86** | −0.03 | −.01 | 0.14 | −0.19 | 0.22 | .02 | 0.56 | 0.40 |
Time w/Spouse | 0.16 | .04 | 0.22 | 0.75 | 0.08 | .05 | 0.09 | 0.94 | 0.49 | .07 | 0.34 | 1.42 |
ΔF(3,725) | 5.78*** | 0.64 | 4.11** | |||||||||
ΔR2 | .020 | .002 | .014 | |||||||||
Step 3B (moderator test for visual acuity [objective vision]) | ||||||||||||
Gender | 0.74 | .12 | 0.22 | 3.40*** | 0.13 | .05 | 0.09 | 1.50 | 0.94 | .10 | 0.34 | 2.74** |
Age | 0.05 | .11 | 0.02 | 3.09** | −0.02 | −.10 | 0.01 | −2.71** | 0.03 | .04 | 0.02 | 1.16 |
Education | −0.43 | −.15 | 0.11 | −4.07*** | −0.02 | −.02 | 0.04 | −0.53 | −0.55 | −.12 | 0.17 | −3.30*** |
Race | 0.07 | .01 | 0.26 | 0.25 | 0.20 | .07 | 0.11 | 1.88 | −0.62 | −.05 | 0.42 | −1.49 |
Self-reported vision | 0.56 | .18 | 0.11 | 4.95*** | 0.15 | .12 | 0.05 | 3.23*** | 1.21 | .25 | 0.18 | 6.81*** |
Visual acuity | 0.31 | .07 | 0.24 | 1.29 | −0.05 | −.03 | 0.10 | −0.49 | 0.02 | .00 | 0.38 | 0.06 |
Relationship satisfaction | −0.13 | −.04 | 0.15 | −0.91 | −0.46 | −.31 | 0.06 | −7.86*** | −1.34 | −.23 | 0.23 | −5.76*** |
Supportive spouse behaviors | 0.48 | .06 | 0.31 | 1.56 | −0.22 | −.07 | 0.12 | −1.80 | −0.31 | −.02 | 0.48 | −0.64 |
Time w/spouse | 0.19 | .03 | 0.21 | 0.88 | −0.05 | −.02 | 0.09 | −0.58 | 0.11 | .01 | 0.34 | 0.34 |
Interaction of Visual Acuity × | ||||||||||||
Relationship Satisfaction | −0.49 | −.09 | 0.21 | −2.40* | 0.04 | .02 | 0.08 | 0.43 | −0.58 | −.06 | 0.33 | −1.77 |
Supportive Spouse Behaviors | 0.88 | .07 | 0.44 | 2.01* | −0.07 | −.01 | 0.18 | −0.38 | 1.79 | .09 | 0.70 | 2.57** |
Time w/Spouse | 0.27 | .05 | 0.31 | 0.86 | 0.12 | .05 | 0.12 | 0.97 | 0.33 | .04 | 0.49 | 0.67 |
ΔF(3,725) | 2.68* | 0.45 | 2.73* | |||||||||
ΔR2 | .009 | .002 | .009 |
Notes: Higher scores represent poorer vision; more relationship satisfaction, more supportive spouse behaviors, and preference for free time spent doing things with the spouse; more functional limitations, feelings of social isolation, and depressive symptoms. Results for Steps 1 and 2 are identical for the models testing moderation of marital quality for the effects of self-reported vision and visual acuity. On Step 1, being female was associated with more functional limitations, feelings of social isolation, and symptoms of depression; being older and being less educated were associated with more functional limitations and symptoms of depression, whereas being of non-Caucasian race/ethnicity was predictive of more feelings of social isolation. Time w/spouse = free time spent with one’s spouse.
*p < .05; **p ≤ .01; ***p ≤ .001.