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Rap1-GTP/B-Raf MAPK regulation of p27 in QTRRE cells. Adenylate cyclase (AC) converts adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and phosphodiesterases (PDE) revert cAMP to AMP. cAMP mediates protein kinase A (PKA) activation of Rap1. Rap1-GTP activates B-Raf kinase activity and inhibits Raf-1. B-Raf phosphorylates and activates the MEK/ERK MAPK cascade. ERK1/2 regulates transcription of p27.
