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The mean excretion ratio (output/intake volume) of all subjects in 5-hour periods, aligned with the times of administration on day 0 (black arrows). The 0–3:00 am and 11:00 pm-12:00 am has been omitted due to the large variance. A significant (p < 0.001) increase in excretion ratio was observed between 1:00 pm and 6:00 pm on day 0. *p < 0.1, **p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001.
