Table 1. Behavioural abnormalities reported for sandy mice*.
| Behavioural assay | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Genetic background | Tested Dtnbp1 genotype(s) | Test | Drug or special condition | Observed abnormality | Reference |
| DBA/2J | sdy/sdy | Open field | None | ↓ Locomotor activity | Takao et al. (2008) |
| 0–15 min | ↓ Locomotor activity | Hattori et al. (2008) | |||
| Light/dark transition | None | ↓ Locomotor activity; ↓ Exploratory behaviour | Takao et al. (2008) | ||
| Elevated plus maze | None | ↓ Number of arm entries | Hattori et al. (2008) | ||
| Rotarod test | After four trials | ↓ Motor balance skill | Takao et al. (2008) | ||
| Social interaction | None | ↓ Number and ↓ duration of social contacts | Hattori et al. (2008) | ||
| ↓ Duration of social contacts | Feng et al. (2008) | ||||
| Novel object recognition | None | ↓ Novel object preference | Feng et al. (2008) | ||
| Barnes circular maze | 7 days after last training | ↓ Memory retention | Takao et al. (2008) | ||
| T-maze forced alternation | Sessions 11–15 | ↓ Working memory | Takao et al. (2008) | ||
| sdy/sdy; sdy/+ | Locomotor activity | Day 7 (trials on days 1–4) | ↓ Habituation to environment (recessive) | Bhardwaj et al. (2009) | |
| AMPH (acute dose) | ↓ Stimulation of locomotion (semi-dominant?) | Bhardwaj et al. (2009) | |||
| AMPH (dose after chronic) | ↑ Response in pre-treated group (recessive) | Bhardwaj et al. (2009) | |||
| Novel object recognition | None | ↓ Novel object preference (dominant) | Bhardwaj et al. (2009) | ||
| Fear conditioning | None | ↑ Freezing to conditioned stimulus (recessive) | Bhardwaj et al. (2009) | ||
| Thermal nociception | None | Hypoalgesia (dominant) | Bhardwaj et al., (2009) | ||
| Delayed non-match-to-position | None | ↓ Spatial working memory (semi-dominant?) | Jentsch et al. (2009) | ||
| C57BL/6J | sdy/sdy | Open field | None | ↑ Locomotor activity | Ji et al. (2009) |
| sdy/sdy; sdy/+ | Open field | None | ↑ Locomotor activity (recessive); ↓ habituation (recessive) | Cox et al. (2009) | |
| ↑ Locomotor activity (recessive) | Papaleo et al. (2011) | ||||
| Rotarod test | After four trials | ↑ Motor balance skill (dominant) | Cox et al. (2009) | ||
| Elevated zero maze | None | ↑ Locomotor activity (semi-dominant?) | Cox et al. (2009) | ||
| Morris water maze | Hidden platform | ↑ Escape latency (recessive); ↓ preference for target quadrant (recessive) | Cox et al. (2009) | ||
| Delayed non-match-to-position | None | ↓ Spatial working memory (dominant) | Karlsgodt et al. (2011) | ||
| T-maze task | None | Faster memory acquisition (semi-dominant) | Papaleo et al. (2011) | ||
| ↓ Inter-trial delay | ↓ Working memory (dominant) | Papaleo et al. (2011) | |||
| New cage stress | ↓ Working memory (dominant) | Papaleo et al. (2011) | |||
| Acoustic startle | 120 dB | ↑ Startle reactivity (recessive); ↑ prepulse inhibition (recessive) | Papaleo et al. (2011) | ||
| + D2 agonist (quinpirole) | ↓ Startle reactivity (dominant?); ↓ prepulse inhibition (semi-dominant) | Papaleo et al. (2011) | |||
*
Behavioural tests were carried out using sandy (Dtnbp1sdy) mice and ‘wild-type’ controls of equivalent genetic background. In experiments in which both heterozygous and homozygous mutants were analysed, the terms ‘recessive,’ ‘dominant’ and ‘semi-dominant’ denote that the heterozygotes behaved like the wild-type controls, like the homozygous mutants or displaying intermediate phenotypes, respectively. AMPH, amphetamine.