Table 2. Electrophysiological abnormalities reported for sandy mice^*.

		Electrophysiology
Genetic background	Tested Dtnbp1 genotype(s)	Tissue region	Cell type	Observed abnormality	Reference
DBA/2J	sdy/sdy	Adrenal medulla	Chromaffin cell	Slow release kinetics; ↑ quantal size; ↓ number of spikes per cell; ↓ total evoked current; ↓ RRP size	Chen et al. (2008)
		Hippocampus	Pyramidal neuron	↓ Frequency and ↑ quantal size of mEPSCs; ↓ peak amplitude and ↑ decay time of eEPSCs; ↓ RRP size	Chen et al. (2008)
			(Field recording)	↑ Serotonin-induced potentiation	Koboyashi et al. (2011)
	sdy/sdy; sdy/+	PFC	Pyramidal neuron	↓ Amplitude of eEPSCs (dominant); ↓ frequency of mEPSCs (dominant); ↓ amplitude of mEPSCs (semi-dominant?); ↓ paired-pulse facilitation (semi-dominant); ↓ rheobase and ↓ spike threshold (semi-dominant)	Jentsch et al. (2009)
C57BL/6J	sdy/sdy	PFC	Pyramidal neuron	↓ Frequency and ↓ amplitude of sIPSCs	Ji et al. (2009)
			Fast-spiking inter-neuron	↓ Number of spikes induced by depolarization	Ji et al. (2009)
		Medial PFC	Pyramidal neuron	↑ Number of spikes induced by depolarization; ↑ response to D2 agonist (quinpirole); ↑ frequency of sEPSCs	Papaleo et al. (2011)
			Fast-spiking inter-neuron	↓ Frequency of sEPSCs	Papaleo et al. (2011)
		Striatum	Fast-spiking interneuron	↓ Number of spikes induced by depolarization; ↑ response to D2 agonist (quinpirole)	Ji et al. (2009)
		Hippocampus	Pyramidal neuron	↑ Amplitude and ↓ decay time of NMDAR-mediated EPSCs (NR2B antagonist insensitive); ↑ NMDA/AMPA ratio	Tang et al. (2009b)
			(Field recording)	↑ Long-term potentiation	Tang et al. (2009b)
	sdy/sdy; sdy/+	Pre- or infra-limbic cortex	Pyramidal neuron	↓ Amplitude of NMDA-evoked current (dominant)	Karlsgodt et al. (2011)

^*Electrophysiological recordings were carried out on tissue slices from sandy (Dtnbp1^sdy) mice and ‘wild-type’ controls of equivalent genetic background. In experiments in which both heterozygous and homozygous mutants were analysed, the terms ‘dominant’ and ‘semi-dominant’ are used to indicate that the abnormalities observed in samples from heterozygotes were as severe as those from homozygotes or of intermediate severity, respectively. EPSC, excitatory postsynaptic current; eEPSC, evoked EPSC; mEPSC, miniature EPSC; PFC, prefrontal cortex; RRP, readily releasable pool; sEPSC, spontaneous EPSC; sIPSC, spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current.