Table 3. Phenotypes reported for dysbindin-deficient cell lines (neuroblastoma or pheochromocytoma) and primary neurons in culture^*.

		RNAi controls
Cell type	Dysbindin deficiency by	Efficacy	Off-target effects	Observed phenotype(s)	Reference
Immortalized cell lines
PC12	siRNA	IB	Not shown	↑ Evoked dopamine secretion; ↑ SNAP25 protein	Kumamoto et al. (2006)
SH-SY5Y	siRNA	IB	siRNA to muted	↑ DRD2 at cell surface; ↓ CREB phosphorylation (basal and induced)	Iizuka et al. (2007)
			Not shown	↓ Neurite outgrowth; abnormal actin cytoskeleton at neurite tip; ↓ JNK phosphorylation	Kubota et al. (2009)
		IB to FLAG	Not shown	↑ MARCKS mRNA and protein	Okuda et al. (2010)
N2a	siRNA	IB	Not shown	↓ Synapsin I protein	Fei et al. (2010)
Primary neurons
Cortical, rat	siRNA	IB	Not shown	↓ SNAP25 and synapsin I proteins; ↓ Akt phosphorylation; ↓ glutamate release; ↑ cell death upon serum withdraw	Numakawa et al. (2004)
				↑ DRD2 at cell surface; ↓ quinpirole-induced CREB phosphorylation	Iizuka et al. (2007)
Cortical, mouse	Dtnbp1sdy	N/A	N/A	↑ DRD2 at cell surface; ↑ recycling of internalized DRD2	Ji et al. (2009)
				↑ NR2A and ↓ NR2B at cell surface	Tang et al. (2009b)
Hippocampal, mouse	Dtnbp1sdy	N/A	N/A	↑ Exogenous NR2A-GFP at cell surface	Tang et al. (2009b)
				Abnormal cytoskeleton at growth cone; ↓ JNK phosphorylation	Kubota et al. (2009)
	Pldnpa	N/A	N/A	↓ Neurite outgrowth	Ghiani et al. (2010)
Hippocampal, rat	shRNA	IB, IF	Two shRNAs; rescue	↓ Dendritic spine maturation	Ito et al. (2010)

^*Cells deficient in dysbindin were obtained by RNAi or by primary culture of neurons from homozygous ‘sandy’ (Dtnbp1^sdy) or ‘pallid’ (Pldn^pa) mice, with the latter carrying a null mutation in a BLOC-1 subunit (causing secondary deficiency in dysbindin). The efficacy of RNAi was verified on the endogenous dysbindin in all cases except where 'IB to FLAG' denotes that it was tested using a transfected dysbindin-FLAG construct. DRD2, dopamine D₂ receptor; IB, immunoblotting; IF, immunofluorescence; N/A, not applicable; shRNA, short-harpin RNA; siRNA, small-interfering RNA; GFP, green fluorescent protein; CREB, cAMP-response-element-binding protein; MARCKS, myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate; SNAP25, synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa.