Table 1.
Sample characteristics.
| Total (n = 1,532) | Men (n = 864) (56.4%) | Women (n = 668) (43.6%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N or M | % or SD | N or M | % or SD | N or M | % or SD | χ2 or t | P | |
| Age | 36.1 | 11.6 | 37.2 | 12.3 | 34.7 | 10.5 | −4.24 | 0.000 |
| 18–24 | 258 | 16.9 | 138 | 16.0 | 120 | 18.1 | ||
| 25–34 | 528 | 34.6 | 280 | 32.6 | 248 | 37.3 | ||
| 35–44 | 369 | 24.2 | 200 | 23.3 | 169 | 25.5 | ||
| 45–54 | 247 | 16.2 | 153 | 17.8 | 94 | 14.2 | ||
| 55 or more | 122 | 8.0 | 89 | 10.3 | 33 | 5.0 | ||
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Never married | 955 | 63.8 | 520 | 61.8 | 435 | 66.2 | 3.06 | 0.080 |
| Married/cohabitating | 472 | 30.5 | 289 | 34.3 | 183 | 27.8 | 7.24 | 0.007 |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 58 | 5.7 | 32 | 3.8 | 29 | 5.9 | 3.71 | 0.054 |
| Education | ||||||||
| Grade 7 or less | 207 | 13.6 | 125 | 14.6 | 82 | 12.4 | 1.56 | 0.221 |
| Grade 8–11 | 584 | 38.4 | 335 | 39.0 | 249 | 37.6 | 0.33 | 0.566 |
| Grade 12 or more | 731 | 48.0 | 399 | 46.4 | 332 | 50.1 | 1.97 | 0.160 |
| Main household income | ||||||||
| Formal salary | 497 | 32.6 | 325 | 37.8 | 172 | 25.9 | 23.24 | 0.000 |
| Family member contributions | 485 | 31.8 | 235 | 27.4 | 250 | 37.7 | 18.28 | 0.000 |
| Social grants | 144 | 9.5 | 68 | 7.9 | 76 | 11.4 | 5.45 | 0.020 |
| Other | 191 | 12.5 | 128 | 14.9 | 63 | 9.5 | 10.01 | 0.002 |
| No income | 206 | 15.5 | 103 | 12.0 | 103 | 15.5 | 3.39 | 0.042 |
| Urban residence | 1218 | 80.1 | 693 | 80.8 | 523 | 79.1 | 0.62 | 0.426 |
| Rural residence | 303 | 19.9 | 165 | 19.2 | 138 | 20.9 | ||
| Chronichospital out-patient | 615 | 40.3 | 304 | 35.3 | 311 | 46.8 | 20.32 | 0.000 |
| General hospital out-patient | 910 | 59.7 | 556 | 64.7 | 354 | 53.2 | ||
| Very good vs. poor health status | 882 | 57.8 | 498 | 58.0 | 383 | 57.6 | 0.02 | 0.881 |
| Daily or almost daily tobacco use | 370 | 24.2 | 288 | 33.4 | 82 | 12.3 | 91.11 | 0.000 |
| Severe psychological distress (based on Kessler 10) | 228 | 15.1 | 118 | 13.8 | 110 | 16.7 | 3.14 | 0.002 |
| Illness conditions (ever diagnosed) | ||||||||
| Hypertension | 293 | 19.3 | 148 | 17.2 | 145 | 21.9 | 5.27 | 0.022 |
| High cholesterol | 44 | 2.9 | 21 | 2.5 | 23 | 3.5 | 1.40 | 0.238 |
| Diabetes | 126 | 8.3 | 74 | 8.6 | 52 | 7.9 | 0.28 | 0.597 |
| Cancer | 48 | 3.2 | 17 | 2.0 | 31 | 4.7 | 8.91 | 0.003 |
| Depression | 107 | 7.0 | 57 | 6.7 | 50 | 7.6 | 0.48 | 0.490 |
| Migraine headache | 459 | 30.2 | 201 | 23.5 | 258 | 39.2 | 43.48 | 0.000 |
| Stomach ulcer | 263 | 17.3 | 125 | 14.6 | 138 | 21.0 | 10.68 | 0.000 |
| Asthma | 69 | 4.6 | 29 | 3.4 | 40 | 6.1 | 6.08 | 0.014 |
| Arthritis | 262 | 17.3 | 125 | 14.6 | 136 | 20.6 | 9.42 | 0.002 |
| Tuberculosis | 111 | 7.3 | 74 | 8.6 | 37 | 5.6 | 5.08 | 0.024 |
| Lower back pain | 394 | 26.1 | 207 | 24.4 | 187 | 28.4 | 3.12 | 0.078 |
| Sexually transmitted disease (STD) | 115 | 7.6 | 70 | 8.2 | 45 | 6.8 | 0.99 | 0.318 |