Table 3.
Associations of hazardous or harmful alcohol use.
| Men | Women | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cr OR (95% CI) a | Adj OR (95% CI) a,b | Cr OR (95% CI) a | Adj OR (95% CI) a,c | |
| Age | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) * | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | --- |
| Married/cohabitating vs. Not | 0.78 (0.59–1.04) | --- | 0.80 (0.52–1.25) | --- |
| Education | 1.03 (0.97–1.10) | --- | 0.99 (0.90–1.08) | --- |
| No income-Ref | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Formal salary | 0.92 (0.59–1.43) | 1.04 (0.59–1.83) | 1.37 (0.74–2.54) | |
| Family contributions | 0.77 (0.48–1.22) | 0.56 (0.32–0.99) * | 0.82 (0.44–1.56) | |
| Social grants | 0.65 (0.35–1.20) | 0.64 (0.31–1.36) | 0.86 (0.38–1.94) | |
| Other | 0.89 (0.53–1.50) | 0.73 (0.34–1.59) | 1.01 (0.44–2.31) | |
| Urban vs. Rural residence | 0.93 (0.67–1.31) | --- | 1.00 (0.62–1.60) | --- |
| Chronic vs. General out-patient | 1.03 (0.78–1.36) | --- | 1.34 (0.92–1.97) | --- |
| Very good vs. Poor health status | 1.10 (0.84–1.45) | --- | 0.91 (0.62–1.34) | --- |
| Daily or almost daily tobacco use | 4.75 (3.49–6.46) *** | 4.59 (3.30–6.39) *** | 4.55 (2.80–7.41) *** | 4.38 (2.65–7.27) ** |
| Psychological distress score | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) ** | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.00 (0.89–1.02) | --- |
| Depression diagnosed | 1.20 (0.70–2.05) | --- | 0.88 (0.42–1.86) | --- |
| Heart attack or angina diagnosed | 0.59 (0.40–0.87) ** | 1.47 (0.93–2.33) | 0.85 (0.48–1.49) | --- |
| Hypertension | 0.74 (0.52–1.06) | --- | 0.96 (0.60–1.53) | --- |
| STD | 1.48 (0.91–2.42) | --- | 0.73 (0.32–1.68) | --- |
| Ulcer | 1.11 (0.76–1.62) | --- | 1.60 (1.03–2.48) * | 1.18 (0.72–1.95) |
| Migraine headache | 1.49 (1.08–2.04) * | 1.36 (0.92–2.06) | 1.78 (1.21–2.61) ** | 1.61 (1.07–2.43) * |
| Asthma | 1.23 (0.59–2.58) | --- | 1.58 (0.77–3.25) | --- |
| High cholesterol | 0.45 (0.17–1.17) | --- | 0.38 (0.09–1.62) | --- |
| Diabetes | 0.49 (0.29–0.81) ** | 0.56 (0.31–0.99) * | 0.50 (0.21–1.21) | --- |
| Arthritis | 1.19 (0.81–1.74) | --- | 1.00 (0.62–1.61) | --- |
| Bronchitis | 0.94 (0.51–1.76) | --- | 1.05 (0.45–2.47) | --- |
| Tuberculosis | 1.23 (0.76–1.98) | --- | 1.12 (0.50–2.52) | --- |
| Cancer | 0.35 (0.11–1.02) | --- | 0.97 (0.39–2.41) | --- |
a
Using “enter” LR selection of variables;
b
For men Hosmer and Lemeshow Chi-square 7.01, df 6, 0.536; Cox and Snell R2 0.13; Nagelkerke R2 0.21;
c
For women Hosmer and Lemeshow Chi-square 11.91, df 6, 0.064; Cox and Snell R2 0.15; Nagelkerke R2 = 0.22;
*
P < 0.05;
**
P < 0.01;
***
P < 0.001.