Table 1.
Intraregional distribution and refueling costs for fuels for road transport 1.
| Transport fuel | Intraregional distribution cost 2 (US$2000/GJ) 2000/2050 | Refueling cost 2 (US$2000/GJ) |
|---|---|---|
| Gasoline, gasohol 3, diesel (including biodiesel), and FT products | 1.0 4 | 1.6 |
| LPG | 1.5 4 | 2.8 |
| Ethanol | 1.3 4 | 2.3 |
| DME | 2.1 4 | 3.9 |
| Liquid hydrogen (LH2) | ||
| LH2 delivery and gaseous H2 (GH2) refueling | 3.1 4 | 6.9 |
| LH2 delivery and LH2 refueling | ||
| LH2 supply to medium-duty trucks | 3.1 4 | 6.1 |
| Compressed natural gas (CNG) | ||
| CNG supply to light-duty vehicles and heavy-duty trucks | 2.1–4.8/2.0–2.9 5 | 4.0 |
| CNG supply to buses and medium-duty trucks | 1.3–2.9/1.2–1.7 5,6 | 4.0 |
| Compressed GH2 (CGH2) | ||
| Centralized H2 production | ||
| CGH2 supply to light-duty vehicles | 3.0–6.8/2.9–4.1 5 | 5.8 |
| CGH2 supply to buses and medium-duty trucks | 1.8–4.1/1.7–2.5 5,6 | 5.8 |
| Decentralized H2 production | – | 4.8 |
| Electricity | ||
| Electricity supply to two-wheelers and light-duty vehicles | 3.3–7.4/3.1–4.4 5 | 6.1 |
| Electricity supply to buses and medium-duty trucks | 2.0–4.4/1.9–2.6 5,6 | 6.1 |
The share of capital costs in total costs is assumed to be 85% for pipeline distribution of CNG and CGH2 and electric power transmission, whereas the corresponding estimate is 33% for truck distribution of liquid fuels and 75% for refueling [15,19];
Gasohol is defined as a 10% ethanol to 90% gasoline volumetric blend;
Costs of distributing liquid transport fuels by truck are assumed to be the same across all transport modes because the distribution distance has a small impact on them [15,19];
The range of these parameter values denotes the difference by region. Following the method of [17], they vary by region and over time as a function of the percentage of population living in urban areas. They are estimated to be lower for urban areas where a geographically concentrated demand exists;
Considering that buses and urban delivery trucks are usually centrally refueled, costs of distributing CNG, CGH2, and electricity to buses and medium-duty trucks are assumed to be 40% lower than those of distributing them to light-duty vehicles.