Table A3.

Assumptions on CO₂ emissions from electricity generation ¹.

Electricity generation technologies	CO2 emissions 2 (t-C/MWh)
Coal-fired steam cycle	0.228–0.186
Coal IGCC	0.220–0.169
Coal-fired IGCC-SOFCs 3	0.166–0.155
Oil-fired steam cycle	0.164–0.138
Natural gas-fired steam cycle/NGCC	0.117–0.085
NGCC-SOFCs 3	0.084–0.079
Light water reactors	0
Fast breeder reactors 4	0
Biomass-fired steam cycle
using wood chips	0.434–0.293 5
using wood pellets	0.365–0.293 5
using grain residues	0.393–0.266 5
using sugarcane residues (a uniform mixture of bagasse and trash)	0.334–0.226 5
using black liquor	0.660–0.619 5
using municipal wastes	0.475–0.322 5
Biomass IGCC 6
using wood chips	0.277–0.222 5
using wood pellets	0.262–0.212 5
using sugarcane residues (a uniform mixture of bagasse and trash)	0.218–0.180 5
using black liquor	0.327–0.280 5
Biogas CHP using a gas engine	0.157–0.138 5
Hydrogen-fired power generation using a gas turbine	0
Methanol-fired power generation using a gas turbine	0.151–0.113
DME-fired power generation using a gas turbine	0.134–0.106
CHP by stationary fuel cells
Hydrogen-fueled PEMFCs used for residential/commercial applications	0
Natural gas-fueled PEMFCs used for residential/commercial applications	0.169–0.138
Hydrogen-fueled SOFCs used for residential/commercial applications 6	0
Natural gas-fueled SOFCs used for residential/commercial applications 6	0.135–0.100
Hydrogen-fueled SOFCs used for industrial applications 6	0
Natural gas-fueled SOFCs/MCFCs used for industrial applications 6	0.117–0.087
Hydropower	0
Geothermal power	0
Wind power	0
Solar power	0

¹IGCC = integrated gasification combined cycle; NGCC = natural gas combined cycle; SOFC = solid oxide fuel cell; PEMFC = proton exchange membrane fuel cell; MCFC = molten carbonate fuel cell;

²These ranges denote the assumed evolution of the parameter values over the time horizon;

³Assumed to be available from 2030;

⁴Assumed to be available from 2050;

⁵It is assumed that CO₂ emissions created from biomass burning are offset by biomass growth;

⁶Assumed to be available from 2020.