Table 1.

Chinese medicine patterns of systemic arterial hypertension

Examination method	Manifestations	Patterns	Target-organs
Inspection	Flushed face	A[8,24]	*
	Grease and thick coating	C[8,24]	CVD[51], HD[51]
	Pale tongue	E[8,24]	KD[43,53]
	Peeled tongue	B[24]	*
	Red eyes	A[8]	CVD[40], KD[41]
	Red tongue	A[10,24], B[8,24]	*
	Yellow coating	A[8,24]	CVD[51], HD[51]
Auscultation-Olfaction	Aphasia	D[8]	CVD[47,43]
	Shortness of breath	E[8,24]	HD[47,43]
Inquiry	Blurred vision	B[8,24]	CVD[47], KD[44]
	Congested feeling in the chest	C[8,24]	HD[47]
	Constipation	A[8,24]	KD[45]
	Convulsions	D[8]	CVD[44,43]
	Dizziness	B[8,24], C[8], E[24]	CVD[47]
	Excessive dreaming	B[8]	*
	Fainting	D[8]	CVD[44]
	Frequent nocturnal urination	E[8,24]	KD[44]
	Headache	A[8,10,24], B[24], D[8]	CVD[47,44], KD[44]
	Heavy limbs sensation	C[8]	CVD[52]
	Impotence	E[8,24]	*
	Insomnia	B[8,24]	CVD[48], HD[48], KD[48]
	Irritability	A[8,10,24]	*
	Mental fatigue	E[8,24]	KD[45]
	Nausea	C[8,24]	CVD[44,43], KD[46]
	Numbness in feet and hands	E[8]	CVD[47,43]
	Numbness in the limbs	B[8,24], C[8]	CVD[47,43]
	Palpitation	C[8]	HD[47,43]
	Severe dizziness	D[8,24]	CVD[47]
	Stroke	D[8]	CVD[47,43]
	Tinnitus	A[10], B[8,24], E[8,24]	CVD[42]
	Vomiting	C[8]	CVD[52], KD[46]
	Weak legs	E[8]	CVD[47,43], KD[44]
Palpation	Deep pulse	E[8,24]	*
	Fast pulse	A[8,24], B[8,24]	HD[47]
	Slippery pulse	C[8,24]	*
	Strong pulse	A[8]	*
	Thin pulse	B[8],24, E[8,24]	*
	Wiry pulse	A[8,10,24], B[8,24], C[8], D[24]	*

Chinese medicine classification and description of patterns and respective target-organs related to hypertension.

Legends: A: Liver-fire blazing upwards; B: Kidney-yin deficiency and Liver-yang rising; C: Obstruction of phlegm and dampness of Heart/Liver/Gallbladder; D: Qi and blood deficiency leading to Liver-yang rising; E: Kidney-yin/yang deficiency; CVD: cerebrovascular and eye disease; HD: heart disease; KD: kidney disease. Manifestations not considered as related to specific target-organs were marked as * and were not used for inference about target-organ damage.