Comparison of the average TMTFs measured in 24 CI listeners in this study (filled circles), 4 normal-hearing (NH, open circles) listeners, and in 5 hearing-impaired (HI, filled triangles) listeners. The NH and HI data are taken from Bacon and Viemeister (1985), which measured the TMTFs with a continuous wide-band noise carrier. The spectrum level of the noise was 30 dB (measured at 1 kHz), which corresponds to an overall level of 77 dB sound pressure level. Error bars indicate 95% confidence intervals across the subjects for modulation detection thresholds at each modulation frequency.