Table 3.
Mean score, standard deviation (SD) and range for each domain and item of the HeLMS for the control (No LBP) and chronic low back pain (LBP) groups
| Domain | Descriptor |
No LBP Mean (SD), [min-max] |
Chronic LBP Mean (SD), [min-max] |
Mean difference (95% CI) |
Cohen's (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Patient attitudes towards their health | 4.52 (0.71), [2.50-5.00] | 4.01 (0.89), [2.00-5.00] | 0.46 (0.11 - 0.82)* | 0.65 (0.44 - 0.94) |
| 2 | Understanding health information | 4.86 (0.36), [3.25-5.00] | 4.80 (0.43), [2.75-5.00] | 0.06 (-0.12 - 0.24) | 0.15 (0.05 - 0.30) |
| 3 | Social support | 4.72 (0.50), [2.75-5.00] | 4.54 (0.75), [1.50-5.00] | 0.17 (-0.11 - 0.46) | 0.29 (0.14 - 0.54) |
| 4 | Socioeconomic considerations | 4.70 (0.56), [2.33-5.00] | 4.60 (0.54), [3.00-5.00] | 0.10 (-0.15 - 0.34) | 0.18 (0.02 - 0.36) |
| 5 | Accessing general practitioner healthcare services | 4.90 (0.25), [3.75-5.00] | 4.90 (0.34), [3.50-5.00] | 0.02 (-0.12 - 0.15) | 0.00 (-0.07 - 0.11) |
| 6 | Communicating with health professionals | 4.68 (0.52), [3.00-5.00] | 4.53 (0.59), [3.00-5.00] | 0.15 (-0.09 - 0.40) | 0.27 (0.12 - 0.47) |
| 7 | Being proactive | 4.64 (0.54), [3.00-5.00] | 4.50 (0.66), [2.67-5.00] | 0.15 (-0.11 - 0.42) | 0.24 (0.08 - 0.45) |
| 8 | Using health information | 4.84 (0.34), [3.75-5.00] | 4.71 (0.49), [2.75-5.00] | 0.13 (-0.06 - 0.31) | 0.32 (0.22 - 0.48) |
| Item [domain] | Question: "Are you able to....." | ||||
| 6 [1] | Make time for things that are good for your health? | 4.32 (0.88), [2.00-5.00] | 3.81 (0.95), [2.00-5.00] | 0.51 (0.10 - 0.92)* | 0.57 (0.31 - 0.88) |
| 14 [1] | Pay attention to your health needs? | 4.64 (0.72), [2.00-5.00] | 4.22 (0.99), [2.00-5.00] | 0.41 (0.03 - 0.80)* | 0.50 (0.29 - 0.82) |
| 25 [1] | Find the energy to manage your health? | 4.68 (0.67), [2.00-5.00] | 4.19 (1.06), [1.00-5.00] | 0.49 (0.10 - 0.88)* | 0.57 (0.37 - 0.92) |
| 27 [1] | Change your lifestyle to improve your health? | 4.43 (0.87), [2.00-5.00] | 4.00 (0.99), [2.00-5.00] | 0.43 (0.02 - 0.85)* | 0.47 (0.21 - 0.79) |
The mean difference between the groups and associated effect size (Cohen's d) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) are included. The possible score range for each domain and item is 1-5.
* significant difference between No LBP and Chronic LBP groups.