Table 1. Model inputs and costs: Sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic procedures, based on estimates derived from existing studies (see text) or, when reference studies not available, from author estimation.

Diagnostic	Specimen collection	Sensitivity	Specificity	Cost (USD)
CXR	None	0.86	0.40	$40.00
DQ	Oral wash	0.30	1.00	$2.32
	Expectorated sputum	0.60	1.00	$2.22
	Induced sputum	0.75	1.00	$8.72
	Bronchoalveolar lavage	0.75	1.00	$77.12
GMS	Oral wash	0.30	1.00	$4.21
	Expectorated sputum	0.52	0.95	$4.11
	Induced sputum	0.70	0.96	$10.61
	Bronchoalveolar lavage	0.82	0.98	$79.01
TBO	Oral wash	0.30	1.00	$0.93
	Expectorated sputum	0.71	1.00	$0.83
	Induced sputum	0.75	1.00	$7.33
	Bronchoalveolar lavage	0.80	1.00	$75.73
CW	Oral wash	0.30	1.00	$2.94
	Expectorated sputum	0.33	1.00	$2.84
	Induced sputum	0.57	1.00	$9.34
	Bronchoalveolar lavage	0.78	1.00	$77.74
IFA	Oral wash	0.30	1.00	$20.79
	Expectorated sputum	0.50	1.00	$20.69
	Induced sputum	0.81	1.00	$27.19
	Bronchoalveolar lavage	1.00	1.00	$95.59
PCR	Oral wash	0.71	0.99	$8.78
	Expectorated sputum	0.85	0.99	$8.68
	Induced sputum	0.94	0.99	$15.18
	Bronchoalveolar lavage	1.00	0.94	$83.58
nPCR	Oral wash	0.83	1.00	$10.32
	Expectorated sputum	0.91	1.00	$10.22
	Induced sputum	1.00	1.00	$16.72
	Bronchoalveolar lavage	1.00	0.89	$85.12
rtPCR	Oral wash	0.89	0.94	$13.84
	Expectorated sputum	0.92	0.94	$13.74
	Induced sputum	0.95	0.90	$20.24
	Bronchoalveolar lavage	0.99	0.80	$88.64

CXR: Chest x-ray; DQ: Diff-Quick; GMS: Grocott's Methenamine Silver Stain; TBO: Toluidine Blue O; CW: Calcofluor white stain; IFA: Immunofluorescence; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; nPCR: nested PCR; rtPCR: real-time (quantitative) PCR.