Figure 3. Histological appearance of constructs produced using PGA scaffolds cultured in bioreactors for 5 weeks at a constant flow rate of 0.2 mL min⁻¹ (high flow rate: a, c, e, g) or gradually increasing flow rate of 0.075–0.2 mL min⁻¹ (gradual increase in flow rate: b, d, f, h).

The scaffolds were seeded using 20×10⁶ cells. Construct cross-sections show: (a, b) pink–red staining for GAG; (c, d) immunostaining (brown) for collagen type I; (e, f) immunostaining (brown) for collagen type II; and (g, h) immunostaining (brown) for collagen type II and blue–purple staining for cells at high magnification.