Table 6.
Heterogeneity of Effects
| Specification | Publications in Yrs 1–5 | Citations in Yrs 1–5 | NIH funding in Yrs 6–10 (/$100,000) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 1.17** (0.14) | 49.01** (8.56) | 2.51** (0.25) |
| Researcher Demographics | |||
| Younger researchers | 1.34** (0.18) | 76.93** (12.52) | 3.21** (0.31) |
| Older researchers | 0.92** (0.20) | 15.26 (11.34) | 1.63** (0.38) |
| Chi-Square Test of Equal Coefficients [p-value] | 2.38 [0.12] | 13.33 [0.00] | 10.46 [0.00] |
| No prior awards | 1.29** (0.28) | 50.54** (18.01) | 3.48** [0.38] |
| Prior awards | 1.15** (0.16) | 49.13** (9.69) | 2.28** [0.29] |
| Chi-Square Test of Equal Coefficients [p-value] | 0.17 [0.68] | 0.00 [0.95] | 6.22 [0.01] |
| Female researchers | 1.12** (0.24) | 18.24 (15.43) | 3.84** (0.55) |
| Male researchers | 1.17** (0.16) | 55.58** (10.10) | 2.26** (0.28) |
| Chi-Square Test of Equal Coefficients [p-value] | 0.03 [0.86] | 4.11 [0.04] | 6.69 [0.01] |
| Department Type | |||
| Social science | 0.62 (0.42) | 26.60 (26.47) | 2.88** (1.01) |
| Physical science | 0.67 (0.58) | −10.75 (35.56) | 0.53 (0.54) |
| Biological science | 1.26** (0.15) | 61.30** (9.64) | 2.68** (0.28) |
| Chi-Square Test of Equal Coefficient [p-value] | 2.87 [0.23] | 4.95 [0.08] | 12.88 [0.00] |
| Organization Type | |||
| University | 1.06** (0.15) | 42.91** (8.94) | 2.44** (0.26) |
| Research Institute | 1.10** (0.50) | 20.28 (36.36) | 3.25** (0.93) |
| Hospital | 2.47** (0.50) | 147.21** (35.14) | 2.46** (1.05) |
| Chi-Square Test of Equal Coefficient [p-value] | 7.26 [0.03] | 8.87 [0.01] | 0.69 [0.71] |
| Has a PhD | 1.03** (0.17) | 41.42** (10.75) | 2.67** (0.31) |
| Has an MD | 1.31** (0.27) | 63.33** (17.08) | 2.66** (0.53) |
| Chi-Square Test of Equal Coefficients [p-value] | 0.76 (0.38) | 1.18 [0.28] | 0.00 [0.98] |
| Time Period | |||
| 1980–1989 | 1.19** (0.19) | 57.02** (13.52) | 1.66** (0.23) |
| 1990–2000 | 1.14** (0.19) | 34.45** (10.41) | 3.69** (0.46) |
| Chi-Square Test of Equal Coefficients [p-value] | 0.03 [0.87] | 1.60 [0.19] | 15.51 [0.00] |
| By Overall NIH Funding Levels | |||
| High funding point (1985–87) | 1.04** (0.33) | 49.23** (21.40) | 1.15** (0.37) |
| Low funding point (1993–94) | 1.55** (0.44) | 55.95** (26.57) | 4.96** (0.80) |
| Chi-Square Test of Equal Coefficients [p-value] | 0.85 [0.36] | 0.04 [0.84] | 18.86 [0.00] |
Notes: These estimates are based on OLS regressions similar to those presented in row 4 of Table 3. Younger researchers are defined as those less than 30 and 45 years of age in the F and R samples respectively.
**
indicates statistical significance at the 5 percent level;
*
indicates significance at the 10 percent level.