. 2009 Nov;15(11):1171–1186. doi: 10.1089/acm.2009.0041

Table 1.

Characteristics of Included Studies

	Number of patients
Study	Treatment M/F	Control M/F	Age (mean or range)	Diagnostic criteria	Acupuncture (no. of points used)	Control group	Duration of treatment (day)	Outcome measure
Chen M 1999⁷	28	28	79	Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)	Real acupressure (5) 15 min per session, 5 sessions per week for 3 weeks	1) Sham acupressure at nonacupressure points 15 min per session, 5 sessions per week for 3 weeks	21	PSQI
	28	28			Real acupressure (5) 15 min per session, 5 sessions per week for 3 weeks	2) Conversation only
Chen X 2003⁸	17/23	19/21	50	Government guideline in China	Electroacupuncture (3 + x)^a plus auricular acupuncture (8), 25 min, once daily; estazolam 2 mg once per night	Estazolam 2 mg once per night	36	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Chen F 2007⁹	18/22	17/23	18–64	Unavailable	Electroacupuncture (2), 30 min, once daily	Diazepam 2.5 mg plus oryzanol 20 mg and VB1 20 mg 3 times a day	14	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to sleeping efficacy
Cui R 2001¹⁰	34/26	28/32	27–67	Government criteria in China	Body acupuncture (8) once daily plus estazolam 1–2 mg once per night	Estazolam 1–2 mg once per night	30	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to sleeping efficacy
Ding D 2008¹¹	13/19	11/13	20–71	CCMD-2	Body acupuncture (7 + x)^a 30 min/3 hours once daily	Estazolam 1 mg once per night	28	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Ding W 2006¹²	44/40	16/16	13–75	Unavailable	Body acupuncture (2 + x)^a	Diazepam 5 mg 3 times a day	7–14	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Du M 2007¹³	12/22	7/13	20–82	Unavailable	Body acupuncture (5 + x)^a 30–60 min every 2 days plus herbal medicine twice a day	Herbal medicine 200 mL twice a day	20	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to sleeping efficacy
Fan D 2006¹⁴	17/23	12/16	19–65	CCMD-2	Body acupuncture (5) 30 min once daily	Diazepam 5 mg once per night plus oryzanol 10 mg 3 times a day	22	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to sleeping efficacy
Hong Y 2005¹⁵	30	30	22–76	ICD-10/CCMD-3	Electroacupuncture (2 + x)^a 45 min once daily	Trazodone 50 mg–100 mg once per night	28	Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) AsbergRating Scale (ARS)
Huang X 2000	40	36	18–65	Government criteria in China	Body acupuncture (17 + x)^a 30 min once daily	Estazolam 2 mg once per night	21	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to sleeping efficacy; PSQI
Huang L 2007¹⁶	38/52	34/56	Unavailable	ICD-10	Rolling acupuncture 15–20 min once daily	Clonazepam 4–6 mg once per night	28	PSQI
Jian J 2005¹⁷	50	30	29–76	Hollister	Body acupuncture (9)^a 40 min once daily plus Ciwujia injection 60 mL once daily	Ciwujia injection 60 mL once daily	25	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to sleeping efficacy
Kang F 2006¹⁸	36/42	14/16	18–61	CCMD-3	Body acupuncture (3 + x)^a 30 min once daily plus auricular therapy (7)	Diazepam 5 mg once per night plus oryzanol 20 mg 3 times a day	12	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Kim 2004¹⁹	15	15	67	Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)	Acupuncture (4) 2 days	Placebo (sham) acupuncture 2 days	2	MQ (morning questionnaire), ISI
Kou J 2003	14/16	15/15	18–70	CCMD-2	Body acupuncture (17) 30 min once daily	Stilnox 10 mg once per night	28	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Li Q 2005²⁰	10/16	9/15	31–80	Unavailable	Electroacupuncture (3) 45 min every 2 days plus Prozac 20 mg once daily	Prozac 20 mg once daily	28	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Li X 2007²¹	53/80	21/27	17–65	Government guideline in China	Body acupuncture (6 + x)^a 30 min every 2 days plus auricular therapy (4 + x)	Estazolam 2 mg once per night	20	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to sleeping efficacy
Li T 2007²²	18/14	17/15	68	Unavailable	Body acupuncture (7) 20–30 min once daily plus auricular therapy (1)	Diazepam 2.5 mg once per night or estazolam 1 mg once per night	28	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Liu Y 2001²³	56	30	56–82	Unavailable	Body acupuncture (4 + x)^a 40 min once daily plus Ciwujia injection 60 mL once daily	Ciwujia injection 60 mL once daily	25	Significant as “cured,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Liu Q 2000²⁴	36	36	18–70	Unavailable	Body acupuncture (4 + x)^a once daily plus auricular therapy (4)	Estazolam 2 mg once per night	32–51	Significant as “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Liu J 2006²⁵	15/17	15/15	68	Unavailable	Body acupuncture (8) 30 min once daily plus auricular therapy (1)	Diazepam 2.5 mg once per night or estazolam 1 mg once per night	28	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Liu Z 2007²⁶	34/36	35/45	49	CCMD-3	Scalp acupuncture 6 hours once daily	Clonazepam 4 mg once per night	28	Significant as “cured,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Lu W 1998²⁷	14/21	10/13	16–60	Government criteria in China	Body acupuncture (2) 30 min once daily plus Qiye Anshen tablet 100 mg 3 times a day	Qiye Anshen tablet 100 mg 3 times a day	30	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to sleeping efficacy
Luo L 2005	13/19	15/17	41	CCMD-3	Rolling acupuncture 10–15 min once daily/every 2 days plus clonazepam 2 mg once per night	Clonazepam 2 mg once per night	28	Significant as “cured,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom; PSQI; Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
Luo W 2006	33	32	21–64	CCMD-3	Body acupuncture (8) 30 min once daily	Trazodone 50–150 mg once per night	28	PSQI; SDS; Asberg Rating Scale (ARS); Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Lv Y 2007²⁸	13/21	11/23	18–70	ICD-10	Electroacupuncture (10 + x)^a 20 min once daily and auricular therapy (5) plus Suanzaoren decoction once daily	Suanzaoren decoction 300 mL once daily	30	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Ma X 2006²⁹	4/26	5/25	17–75	Unavailable	Body acupuncture (6 + x)^a 30 min once daily plus alprazolam 0.4–0.8 mg once per night and antipsychotic drug	Alprazolam 0.4–0.8 mg plus antipsychotic drug	21–32	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Ma Z 2006³⁰	11/20	16/15	17–72	CCMD-3	Electroacupuncture (5 + x)^a 60 min once daily	Clonazepam 2 mg once per night plus oryzanol 20 mg 3 times a day	30	Sleep Dysfunction Rating Scale (SDRS); Self-rating Sleep Dysfunction Scale (SSDS); Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA)
Pan Q 2005³¹	22/34	20/36	15–70	CCMD-2	Body acupuncture (more than 5) 30 min once daily	Estazolam 1 mg once per night	36	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Qiu R 1999³²	53	36	Unavailable	Unavailable	Acupressure once per night plus herbal medicine once daily	Estazolam 2 mg once per night plus herbal medicine once daily	23	Significant as “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Tang W 2007³³	16/24	18/22	47–84	Unavailable	Auricular therapy (7) plus Tuina and acupressure	No treatment	21	Significant as “excellent,” “good,” “fair,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Tian H 2006³⁴	39	39	35–70	Government criteria in China	Body acupuncture (6)^a 30 min once daily plus herbal medicine once daily	Herbal medicine once daily	25	Significant as “cured,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Tsay S 2003³⁵	35	31	55.52	PSQI	Real acupressure (3) 14 min 3 days per week	Usual care	28	Medical Outcome Study–Short Form 36 (SF-36)
	35	32	55.52		Real acupressure (3) 14 min 3 days per week	Sham acupressure (3) 14 min 3 days per week
Tsay S 2004³⁶	35	35	58.16	PSQI	Acupressure (4) 15 min 3 times a week	Usual care	30	Piper Fatigue Scale (PFS); PSQI; Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
		36	58.16	35		Transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation	Usual care
Wang M 2003³⁷	22/38	19/36	16–70	CCMD-2	Body acupuncture (7) 30 min once daily	Diazepam 5 mg once per night	22	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Wang Q 2003³⁸	17/23	17/23	19–65	Unavailable	Electroacupuncture (4) 30 min once daily plus acupoint injection with Ciwujia injection (2) 4 mL once daily	Diazepam 2.5 mg 3 times a day plus oryzanol 20 mg 3 times a day and VB₁20 mg 3 times a day	14	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to sleeping efficacy
Wang X 2008³⁹	21	23	22–56	CCMD-3	Abdominal acupuncture (12) once daily for the first 3 days and once every 3 days for the remaining 11 days plus placebo pill once daily	Estazolam once daily plus sham acupuncture once daily for the first three days and once every three days for the remaining 11 days	14	Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ)
Wang Y 2004⁴⁰	22/12	17/13	41–70.5	Unavailable	Scalp acupuncture with electrical stimulation plus auricular therapy (1) and body acupuncture (5) 20–30 min 5 times a week	Diazepam 2.5 mg once per night plus clozapine 25 mg once per night	28	PSQI; Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD)
Xuan Y 2007⁴¹	11/13	10/12	49	ICD-10	Body acupuncture (5) 30 min once daily	Estazolam 1 mg every two night	30	PSQI
Ye T 2008⁴²	10	12	29–67	Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. (DSM-IV)	Abdominal acupuncture (12) 30 min once daily 5 times a week plus estazolam 2 mg once per night	Estazolam 2 mg once per night	14	PSQI
Zhang H 2003⁴³	55/82	25/20	16–62	CCMD-3/SRSS	Body acupuncture (8 + x)^a 30–60 min once daily	Clonazepam 2 mg once per night	28	Self-Rating Sleep Scale (SRSS)
Zhang X 2005⁴⁴	10/35	14/31	23–70	Unavailable	Body acupuncture (3 + x)^a 45 min once daily	Estazolam 2 mg once per night plus oryzanol 20 mg 3 times a day	25	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Zhang Q 2006	18/20	20/17	18–64	ICD-10/CCMD-3	Body acupuncture (10 + x)^a 1 hour once daily	Estazolam 2 mg once per night	20	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to sleeping efficacy
Zhong Z 2008⁴⁵	15/17	12/14	40	CCMD-3	Body acupuncture (7 + x)^a 30 min once per night and massage of sole once daily plus alprazolam 0.4–0.8 mg once per night	Alprazolam 0.4–0.8 mg once per night	40	PSQI, SDS, SAS, significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom
Zhu Z 2004⁴⁶	50/0	50/0	18–47	ICD-10	Electroacupuncture (6) 20 min 3 times a week	No treatment	40	Scores evaluated by patients
Zou Y 2008⁴⁷	28/32	30/28	18–68	Government criteria in China	Electroacupuncture (8 + x)^a 30 min once daily	Alprazolam 0.4 mg once per night	20	Significant as “cured,” “markedly effective,” “improved,” “ineffective” according to improvement of symptom

CCMD, Chinese Classification of Mental Disease; CCMD-2, second version of CCMD; CCMD-3, third version of CCMD; ICD-10, 10th version of International Classification of Disease.

^{^a}

The selection of the acupoints according to syndrome differentiation.