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. 2011 Aug 16;8(8):e1001073. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001073

Table 1. Examples of HPSR questions by level of analysis and type of question.

Level of analysis: MACROArchitecture and Oversight of Systems MESOFunctioning of Organizations and Interventions MICROThe Individual in the System
Intent of question:
Normative/Evaluative → How can political parties be effectively involved in a country's health planning process for universal health coverage?→ Does a new financing mechanism protect the poorest households from the catastrophic costs of accessing care?→ Can community accountability mechanisms have impact on health outcomes? → How can access to and uptake of a screening and treatment programme for an epidemic condition be maximised?→ What are the reasons for low efficiency of community governance structures in administering a decentralised fund scheme? → What financial and non-financial incentives will best encourage health workers to locate in underserved communities?→ Does individual coaching offer better support to health system managers than formal training?→ Do conditional cash transfers encourage individual behaviour change in use of health care?
Exploratory/Explanatory → Why do informal health markets continue to flourish in areas where publicly provided services are adequate?→ What norms underpin the effective exercise of oversight by communities? → How do pay-for-performance arrangements interact with local accountability structures?→ Why do organizations involved in the implementation of health policies prioritize some aspects of their mandate more than others?→ How has the introduction of subsidies for institutional deliveries changed household birthing practices? → Why do frontline health providers frequently diverge from recommended clinical guidelines?→ How has engaging traditional practitioners in government clinics changed laypersons' perceptions of public services?