Effects of high fat diet on cytokine gene expression and on activation of NF-κB and JNK. RNA was isolated from the livers (n=10-12 per group) and IL-1β, (A), TNF-α (B), and IL-6 (C) RNA levels were quantified by TaqMan® real-time PCR as described in Materials and methods. Data are presented as mean ± SD and normalized to cyclophilin mRNA levels. Whole cell extracts were prepared from the livers of HFD and LFD mice and analyzed by immunoblotting (D). Phosphorylation of JNK (P-JNK) and degradation of IκBα, were measured as markers of JNK and NF-κB activation, respectively.