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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2012 Feb 1.
Published in final edited form as: Lingua. 2011 Feb;121(3):352–366. doi: 10.1016/j.lingua.2010.10.003
1. Direct Speech: e.g., “Can I have some cake?” or “Who is the cake for?”
2. Indirect Speech: e.g., “She is asking her mother if she can have some cake.” or “Who the cake is for.”
3. Partially Indirect/Mixed: e.g., “Can she go eat cake?” (where the response seems to have features of both direct and indirect speech forms)
4. Ambiguous: e.g., “Eat cake.” (where the response doesn’t fit clearly into any of the above three categories)