Table 3.

Clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and treatment among bipolar disorder (BD) subjects with obesity versus without obesity

	Obese (n = 568)	Not obese (n = 1,337)	χ² or t	p-value
Clinical characteristics
Past-year mania/hypomania, %	57.88	59.34	0.22	0.6395
Past-year depression, %	32.05	30.94	0.15	0.7008
Age of BD onset, mean (SE)^a	26.32 (0.60)	23.96 (0.40)	3.49	0.0009
Duration of BD, mean (SE)^b	13.22 (0.60)	11.85 (0.45)	1.85	0.0684
No. of manic episodes, mean (SE)	6.78 (0.78)	6.87 (0.52)	−0.09	0.9285
No. of depressive episodes, mean (SE)	8.66 (0.99)	7.14 (0.49)	1.32	0.1899
Mixed episodes, %	41.27	43.55	0.54	0.4661
Non-remitting symptoms, %	80.13	77.59	0.88	0.3530
Longest depressive episode, weeks, mean (SE)	155.04 (15.68)	94.49 (7.95)	3.42	0.0011
Longest hypo/manic/mixed episode, weeks, mean (SE)	79.59 (11.15)	85.94 (8.75)	−0.46	0.6506
Suicide attempt, %	24.21	19.32	3.32	0.0730
Comorbidities (%)
Lifetime anxiety disorder^c	59.54	48.51	12.27	0.0008
Lifetime alcohol abuse or dependence	54.23	58.08	2.06	0.1558
Lifetime drug abuse or dependence	31.05	36.35	3.17	0.0795
Lifetime gambling	3.58	2.10	1.51	0.2233
Lifetime substance use disorder^d	59.80	62.36	0.99	0.3243
Past-year substance use disorder^d	16.93	27.98	17.89	0.0001
Treatment variables (%)
Professional: mania/hypomania	24.30	19.65	3.90	0.0526
Professional: depression	50.73	41.66	9.37	0.0032
Medication: mania/hypomania	23.96	17.67	5.68	0.0201
Medication: depression	47.51	33.73	20.51	< 0.0001
ER visit: mania/hypomania	8.82	5.10	6.22	0.0152
ER visit: depression	19.63	10.85	12.10	0.0009
Hospitalization: mania/hypomania	9.61	6.69	3.22	0.0773
Hospitalization: depression	20.05	12.54	9.15	0.0036

Degrees of freedom = 1 for all categories.

Age of onset of mania/hypomania.

Current age minus age of BD onset.

Generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and/or social anxiety disorder.

Substance use disorder category includes abuse or dependence of alcohol or drugs.