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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Aug 17.
Published in final edited form as: J Orofac Pain. 2010 Winter;24(1):7–24.

Table 1.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

INCLUSION CRITERIA

  1. Inclusion criteria for TMD cases:

    • Participant reports or presents with at least 1 of the 3 cardinal signs or symptoms of TMD: jaw pain, limited mouth opening, or TMJ noise.

  2. Inclusion criteria for controls:

    1. History

      1. No lifetime history of TMD symptoms (“supercontrols”)

        1. Absence of TMJ noise, locking or catching of the jaw, and

        2. Absence of pain in the jaw or the temporal area, and

        3. Absence of headaches affected by jaw movement, function, or parafunction.

      2. Prior history of TMD symptoms (“controls”)

        1. In the last 6 months, no history of TMD symptoms

        2. Prior to 6 months ago:

          1. No more than 5 isolated episodes of TMJ noise, with each episode lasting less than 1 day and not associated with jaw pain or limited mouth opening, and

          2. No more than 1–2 isolated episodes of locking or catching of the jaw in the wide-open mouth position, and

          3. No headaches in the temporal area affected by jaw movement, function, or parafunction.

    2. Clinical examination

      1. Any pain produced by procedures must be nonfamiliar, and

      2. No TMJ clicking, popping, or snapping noises with more than 1 movement, and

      3. No coarse crepitus with any movement.

    3. Imaging

      1. TMJ MRI is negative for anterior disc displacement, and

      2. TMJ CT is negative for osteoarthrosis.

EXCLUSION CRITERIA FOR CASES AND CONTROLS

  1. History

    1. Systemic rheumatic, neurologic/neuropathic, endocrine, or immune/autoimmune diseases or wide spread pain. (Exception: participants with medical documentation of rheumatoid arthritis or fibromyalgia).

    2. Pathologic processes found on imaging including neoplasm (Exception: Disc displacements and osteoarthritis/osteoarthrosis)

    3. Radiation treatment to head and neck.

    4. TMJ surgery.

    5. Trauma to jaw in the last 2 months (exclusion regardless of time: jaw trauma from auto accident).

    6. Presence of non-TMD orofacial pain disorders.

    7. Pregnancy.

    8. Unable to participate due to language barrier or mental/intellectual incompetence.

    9. Use of narcotic pain medication, muscle relaxants or steroid therapy unless discontinued for 1 week prior to examination.

    10. Use of antidepressant drugs unless the participant has been on a stable dose for 60 days.

    11. Use of prescription or over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications unless the medication(s) were discontinued for 3 days prior to the examination (use of acetaminophen was allowed as a rescue drug).

    12. Drug abuse.

    13. Ongoing dental treatments.

    14. Wearing dentures.

    15. Contraindications for imaging.

    16. Ongoing TMD treatments unless on a stable regimen for at least 2 months.

    17. Unable or unwilling to give informed consent.

  2. Clinical examination

    1. Presence of non-TMD orofacial pain disorders.

  3. Imaging

    1. TMJ MRI is positive for pathology other than disc displacements.

    2. TMJ CT is positive for osseous pathology other than osteoarthritis or ostoeathrosis.

    3. Panoramic radiograph is positive for osseous (non-TMJ related) or odontogenic lesions.