Table 2.

Average daily defined dose of all-cause and system-specific medications dispensed within 1 year before and 1 year after widowhood.

ATC	Age	Before				After				Difference§
		Men		Women		Men		Women		Men		Women
		Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE	Mean	SE
All-cause	60–69	1.52	0.11	1.69	0.08	1.90	0.18	1.99	0.09	0.38	0.12	0.30	0.04
	70–79	1.98†	0.09	2.46	0.07	2.51‡	0.11	2.92	0.11	0.54	0.07	0.46	0.09
	80+	2.59	0.13	2.70	0.09	3.52	0.23	3.16	0.09	0.92*	0.18	0.46	0.06
ATC-C	60–69	0.67	0.07	0.59	0.05	0.84	0.12	0.70	0.06	0.17	0.09	0.11	0.02
	70–79	0.82†	0.05	0.95	0.04	1.08	0.07	1.11	0.05	0.25	0.05	0.15	0.03
	80+	1.09	0.07	1.11	0.05	1.48	0.15	1.24	0.06	0.39*	0.12	0.13	0.03
ATC-N	60–69	0.26†	0.03	0.40	0.02	0.34‡	0.04	0.52	0.03	0.08	0.02	0.13	0.01
	70–79	0.32†	0.02	0.55	0.02	0.43‡	0.03	0.70	0.03	0.12	0.02	0.15	0.02
	80+	0.44†	0.03	0.65	0.03	0.59‡	0.04	0.77	0.03	0.15	0.03	0.12	0.02
ATC-R	60–69	0.22	0.04	0.17	0.02	0.26	0.05	0.19	0.02	0.04	0.03	0.01	0.01
	70–79	0.21	0.03	0.21	0.02	0.25	0.03	0.24	0.02	0.04	0.01	0.02	0.01
	80+	0.17†	0.02	0.10	0.01	0.20‡	0.02	0.12	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.01
ATC-A	60–69	0.12	0.02	0.15	0.01	0.15	0.02	0.17	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.02	0.01
	70–79	0.18	0.02	0.21	0.01	0.23	0.02	0.27	0.03	0.04	0.01	0.06	0.03
	80+	0.27	0.03	0.29	0.02	0.41	0.04	0.36	0.02	0.14*	0.03	0.07	0.01

ATC: Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system; ATC-C: cardiovascular system; ATC-N: nervous system; ACT-R: respiratory system; ATC-A: alimentary tract and metabolism medications; DDD: daily defined dose.

*P value < 0.05 for sex differences in the change of medication use before and after widowhood as obtained by two-sided t-test.

^† P value < 0.05 for sex difference in the average DDD before widowhood as obtained by two-sided t-test.

^‡ P value < 0.05 for sex difference in the average DDD after widowhood as obtained by two-sided t-test.

^§Difference = average DDD after, average DDD before.