Table 2.
Incidence rate ratios for cancer in association with NOx at the residence from 1971 onwards
| Cancer site (ICD-7) | IRa | Nb | Ncasesc |
Incidence rate ratio (95% CI), per 100 μg/m3 NOx |
Adjustment variablesd | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude | Adjusted | |||||
| Buccal cavity and pharynx (140-148) | 0.19 | 53177 | 94 | 1.94 (1.01;3.76) | 1.63 (0.79;3.37) | Smokinge, education, fruit, alcohol, occupation |
| Esophagus (150) | 0.15 | 53177 | 77 | 1.62 (0.72;3.62) | 1.21 (0.49;2.98) | Smoking, education, fruit, alcohol, occupation |
| Stomach (151) | 0.15 | 53177 | 80 | 0.80 (0.27;2.35) | 0.65 (0.21;2.02) | Smoking, education, fruit, vegetables, occupation |
| Colon (153) | 0.81 | 52609 | 414 | 1.11 (0.74;1.67) | 0.93 (0.60;1.46) | Smoking, physical activity, red meat, fiber, alcohol, BMI, HRT, occupation |
| Rectum (154) | 0.47 | 52609 | 246 | 0.83 (0.46;1.50) | 0.80 (0.43;1.48) | Smoking, physical activity, red meat, fiber, alcohol, BMI, HRT, occupation |
| Liver (155.0) | 0.10 | 54160 | 57 | 2.14 (0.96;4.75) | 1.66 (0.70;3.94) | Smoking status, alcohol, education, occupation |
| Pancreas (157) | 0.21 | 54171 | 112 | 0.70 (0.27;1.83) | 0.64 (0.24;1.71) | Smoking status, BMI, education, occupation |
| Larynx (161) | 0.11 | 53177 | 64 | 1.22 (0.45;3.31) | 0.80 (0.26;2.46) | Smoking, education, fruit, alcohol, occupation |
| Breast (170) | 3.57 | 27735 | 987 | 1.39 (1.09;1.77) | 1.16 (0.89;1.51) | BMI, education, alcohol, childbirths (number and age at first), lactation, HRT, benign breast disease, physical activity, occupation |
| Cervix (171) | 0.13 | 27678 | 35 | 2.78 (1.18;6.58) | 2.45 (1.01;5.93) | Smoking, education, oral contraceptives |
| Uteri (172) | 0.62 | 27836 | 171 | 1.30 (0.71;2.35) | 1.15 (0.60;2.21) | HRT, oral contraceptives, BMI, physical activity, number of childbirths, smoking status |
| Ovary (175) | 0.40 | 28157 | 111 | 0.88 (0.36;2.13) | 0.81 (0.33;1.99) | Number of childbirths, oral contraceptives, HRT, lactation, occupation |
| Prostate (177) | 2.61 | 25803 | 673 | 0.97 (0.68;1.38) | 0.96 (0.67;1.37) | Education, selenium intake, calcium intake, occupation |
| Kidney (180) | 0.20 | 46259 | 95 | 2.14 (1.21;3.79) | 1.73 (0.89;3.73) | BMI, smoking, hypertension, education, occupation |
| Bladder (181) | 0.42 | 53234 | 221 | 1.54 (0.96;2.46) | 1.32 (0.80;2.19) | Smoking, education, occupation |
| Melanoma (190) | 0.42 | 53964 | 226 | 0.50 (0.23;1.07) | 0.52 (0.24;1.11) | Education, skin reaction, tanning, nevi, freckles |
| Brain (193) | 0.17 | 54304 | 95 | 2.28 (1.24;4.17) | 2.28 (1.25;4.19) | Occupation |
| Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (200, 202) | 0.36 | 54245 | 197 | 1.11 (0.61;2.03) | 1.11 (0.61;2.03) | Education, occupation |
| Myeloma (203) | 0.12 | 54262 | 68 | 0.31 (0.06;1.56) | 0.31 (0.06;1.56) | BMI |
| Leukemia (204) | 0.21 | 54238 | 117 | 0.44 (0.15;1.33) | 0.47 (0.16;1.39) | Smoking status, occupation |
BMI, body mass index; HRT, hormone replacement therapy
a Crude incidence rate per 1,000 person-years for the full cohort, i.e. before exclusions because of failed exposure assessment or missing information on potential confounders
b Number of cohort members contributing to the analyses, i.e. without missing information about exposure or any of the potential confounders
c Number of cases contributing to the analyses, i.e. without missing information about exposure or any of the potential confounders
d See Methods section for further specification
e Adjustment for smoking status, intensity and duration (if not otherwise specified)