Table 2.
Factors Associated with Low CD4 Count (<200 cells/μL) among HIV-infected Veterans, N = 1860
| Characteristic | Odds ratio (OR, 95% CI) | Adjusted OR with covariates† (OR, 95% CI) | Adjusted OR with covariates and ART adherence (OR, 95% CI) | Adjusted OR with covariates and BMI (OR, 95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food insecure | 1.45 (1.14, 1.86)* | 1.13 (0.86, 1.47) | 1.10 (0.83, 1.44) | 1.10 (0.84, 1.44) |
| Age (per year) | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99)* | 0.97 (0.96, 0.99)* | 0.98 (0.97, 1.0)* | 0.98 (0.96, 0.99)* |
| Black (vs.White) | 1.23 (0.94, 1.63) | 1.13 (0.85, 1.51) | 1.05 (0.79, 1.41) | 1.15 (0.87, 1.54) |
| Latino (vs.White) | 1.41 (0.93, 2.11) | 1.27 (0.84, 1.92) | 1.27 (0.84, 1.94) | 1.32 (0.87, 2.01) |
| Other (vs.White) | 0.89 (0.47, 1.70) | 0.83 (0.43, 1.60) | 0.78 (0.40, 1.50) | 0.89 (0.45, 1.71) |
| Male (vs. female) | 0.70 (0.38, 1.35) | – | – | – |
| High school and some college (vs. < high school) | 1.06 (0.67, 1.69) | – | – | – |
| >College grad (vs. < high school) | 0.99 (0.59, 1.66) | – | – | – |
| Married/long-term relationship | 0.82 (0.63, 1.1) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.15) | 0.89 (0.68, 1.17) | 0.91 (0.69, 1.19) |
| Employed | 0.55 (0.42, 0.73)* | 0.57 (0.42, 0.77)* | 0.58 (0.42, 0.78)* | 0.57 (0.42, 0.77)* |
| >$25,000 annual income | 0.72 (0.55, 0.93)* | 0.92 (0.69, 1.25) | 0.96 (0.71, 1.29) | 0.94 (0.62, 1.44) |
| Recent homelessness | 2.00 (1.45, 2.57)* | 1.66 (1.15, 2.38)* | 1.63 (1.13, 2.34)* | 1.58 (0.95, 2.63)* |
| Binge drinking | 1.28 (0.99, 1.65) | 1.22 (0.94, 1.59) | 1.16 (0.89, 1.51) | 1.15 (0.88, 1.51) |
| AUDIT-C ≥4 | 1.16 (0.91, 1.50) | – | – | – |
| Marijuana use (>1-3×/month) | 0.93 (0.65, 1.32) | – | – | – |
| Cocaine use (>1-3×/month) | 1.41 (0.97, 2.08) | 0.97 (0.64, 1.48) | 0.87 (0.57, 1.33) | 0.94 (0.62, 1.44) |
| Stimulant use (>1-3×/month) | 1.60 (0.75, 3.4) | – | – | – |
| Opioid use (>1-3×/month) | 1.82 (1.13, 2.93)* | 1.53 (0.92, 2.55) | 1.65 (0.99, 2.78) | 1.58 (0.95, 2.63) |
| PMD score >10 (unit) | 1.40 (1.09, 1.81)* | 1.14 (0.86, 1.42) | 1.11(0.85, 1.46) | 1.15 (0.87, 1.52) |
| Body mass index (per unit) | 0.93 (0.90, 0.96)* | – | – | 0.84 (0.75, 0.93)* |
| % time out of antiretroviral therapy | 5.70 (3.52, 9.21)* | – | 5.4 (3.19, 9.16)* | – |
*Statistically significant at p < 0.05
†Only covariates with p < 0.2 in bivariate analyses were included in multivariable model (age, race/ethnicity, married, employment, income, recent homelessness, binge alcohol, cocaine use, opioid use, PMD score)
Abbreviations: AUDIT-C=Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; PMD=Prime MD Survey, IQR=Interquartile range