Table 3.
Factors Associated with Unsuppressed HIV-1 RNA (>500 copies/mL) among HIV-infected Veterans, N = 1911
| Characteristic | Odds ratio (OR, 95% CI) | Adjusted OR with covariates† (OR, 95% CI) | Adjusted OR with covariates and ART adherence (OR, 95% CI) | Adjusted OR with covariates and BMI (OR, 95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food insecure | 1.49 (1.17, 1.81)* | 1.37 (1.09, 1.73)* | 1.32(1.05 ,1.68)* | 1.35 (1.07, 1.70)* |
| Age (per year) | 0.97 (0.96, 0.98)* | 0.97 (0.96, 0.98)* | 0.97 (0.96,0.98)* | 0.96 (0.96, 0.98)* |
| Black (vs.White) | 1.14 (0.91, 1.44) | 1.05 (0.83, 1.33) | 0.95 (0.74, 1.21) | 1.06 (0.84, 1.35) |
| Latino (vs.White) | 0.76 (0.53, 1.10) | 0.69 (0.47, 1.00) | 0.67 (0.46, 0.99)* | 0.71 (0.49, 1.03) |
| Other (vs.White) | 1.29 (0.79, 2.12) | 1.19 (0.72, 1.98) | 1.09 (0.65, 1.82) | 1.23 (0.74, 2.05) |
| Male (vs. female) | 1.10 (0.61, 2.01) | – | – | – |
| High school and some college (vs. < high school) | 1.48 (0.98, 2.21) | 1.23 (0.81, 1.86) | 1.29 (0.84, 1.97) | 1.23 (0.81, 1.87) |
| >College grad (vs. < high school) | 1.46 (0.93, 2.23) | 1.34 (0.84, 2.14) | 1.50 (0.93, 2.41) | 1.36 (0.85, 2.17) |
| Married/long-term relationship | 0.99 (0.79, 1.23) | – | – | – |
| Employed | 0.90 (0.73, 1.11) | – | – | – |
| <$25,000 annual income | 1.09 (0.89, 1.36) | – | – | – |
| Recent homelessness | 1.41 (1.03, 1.94)* | 1.15 (0.82, 1.63) | 1.13 (0.80, 1.61) | 1.15 (0.82, 1.62) |
| AUDIT-C (≥4) | 1.33 (1.07, 1.65)* | 1.22 (0.98, 1.53) | 1.08 (0.86, 1.36) | 1.21 (0.97, 1.51) |
| Binge drinking | 1.05 (0.85, 1.32) | – | – | – |
| Marijuana use (>1-3x/month) | 1.13 (0.85, 1.51) | – | – | – |
| Cocaine use (>1-3×/month) | 1.59 (1.12, 2.22)* | 1.32 (0.92, 1.89) | 1.21 (0.85, 1.76) | 1.32 (0.92, 1.88) |
| Stimulant use (>1-3×/month) | 0.96 (0.45, 2.03) | – | – | – |
| Opioid use (>1-3×/month) | 0.79 (0.49, 1.27) | – | – | – |
| PMD score >10 | 1.33 (1.0, 1.04) | 1.18 (0.93, 1.49) | 1.15 (0.90, 1.46) | 1.19 (0.94, 1.51) |
| Body mass index (per unit) | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99)* | – | – | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99)* |
| % time out of antiretroviral therapy | 9.80 (6.14, 15.1)* | – | 8.47 (5.20, 13.8)* | – |
*Statistically significant at p < 0.05
†Only covariates with p < 0.2 in bivariate analyses were included in multivariable model (age, race, education, married, recent homelessness, cocaine use, PMD score)
Abbreviations: AUDIT-C=Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; PMD=Prime MD Survey, IQR=Interquartile range