Table 4.

Association of Opioid Misuse Risk Factors with Regular Office Visits

	Unadjusted Odds Ratio	95% CI	P-value	Adjusted Odds Ratio*	95% CI	P-value
Opioid misuse risk factors
Age <45	0.77	0.62-0.96	0.02	0.80	0.61-1.06	0.12
Drug use disorder	1.21	0.83-1.78	0.33	1.16	0.73-1.82	0.54
Alcohol use disorder	0.97	0.60-1.57	0.91	0.81	0.46-1.44	0.47
Tobacco use	0.94	0.72-1.24	0.66	0.79	0.57-1.10	0.17
Mental health disorder	0.95	0.78-1.15	0.59	1.01	0.79-1.29	0.94
No. of opioid misuse risk factors
0	1.0	N/A	N/A	1.00	N/A
1	1.04	0.82-1.31	0.74	1.05	0.79-1.40	0.74
2	0.86	0.66-1.14	0.29	0.96	0.68-1.36	0.81
3+	0.80	0.55-1.17	0.26	0.69	0.43-1.11	0.12
Trend†			0.16			0.20

* Adjusted for race, gender, median household income of zip code, duration of time on opioids, appointment attendance rate, medical comorbidity score, and practice site. Models of individual opioid misuse risk factors adjusted for the other four risk factors

† In unadjusted analyses, using the Cochran Armitage test of trend. In adjusted analyses, using nonlinear mixed effect models and the number of risk factors (none, 1, 2, and 3+) as a continuous variable