Table 1.
Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics and P values for Comparison of Low to Adequate Literacy
| Overall Sample | Adequate Literacy (TOFHLA >=23) | Low Literacy (TOFHLA <23) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N(%) or Mean ± SD | N(%) or Mean ± SD | N(%) or Mean ± SD | ||
| Size | 605 | 380 | 225 | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Literacy (TOFHLA) | 24.2 ± 12.3 | 32.7 ± 3.7 | 9.9 ± 7.5 | |
| Site | ||||
| UNC | 216 (36) | 145 (38) | 71 (32) | |
| NU | 166 (27) | 143 (38) | 23 (10) | |
| UCSF | 148 (24) | 61 (16) | 87 (39) | |
| UCLA | 75 (12) | 31 (8) | 44 (20) | |
| Age | 60.7 ± 13.1 | 58.7 ± 13.1 | 64.2 ± 12.4 | P < 0.001 |
| Race/Ethnicity | P < 0.001 | |||
| White NH | 233 (39) | 190 (50) | 43 (19) | |
| Hispanic | 97 (16) | 29 (8) | 68 (30) | |
| African American | 232 (38) | 137 (36) | 95 (42) | |
| Other | 41 (7) | 22 (6) | 19 (8) | |
| Missing | 2 (0) | 2 (1) | 0 (0) | |
| Gender: Male | 314 (52) | 187 (49) | 127 (56) | P = 0.09 |
| Language: English | 522 (87) | 363 (96) | 159 (72) | P < 0.001 |
| Income Level, $ | P < 0.001 | |||
| <15,000 | 305 (52) | 151 (41) | 154 (71) | |
| 15,000-24,999 | 92 (16) | 61 (16) | 31 (14) | |
| 25,000-40,000 | 67 (11) | 51 (14) | 16 (7) | |
| >40,000 | 125 (21) | 108 (29) | 17 (8) | |
| Education Level | P < 0.001 | |||
| <12th grade | 160 (26) | 46 (12) | 114 (51) | |
| High School | 177 (29) | 104 (27) | 73 (32) | |
| Some college | 140 (23) | 118 (31) | 22 (10) | |
| College graduate or greater | 128 (21) | 112 (29) | 16 (7) | |
| Subjective Socioeconomic Status | 4.8 ± 2.5 | 5.4 ± 2.4 | 3.7 ± 2.3 | P < 0.001 |
| Insurance | P < 0.001 | |||
| Medicare Only | 65 (11) | 34 (9) | 31 (14) | |
| Medicare & Medicaid | 104 (17) | 49 (13) | 55 (24) | |
| Medicare & Private | 129 (21) | 90 (24) | 39 (17) | |
| Medicaid | 151 (25) | 83 (22) | 68 (30) | |
| Private | 77 (13) | 71 (19) | 6 (3) | |
| Uninsured | 79 (13) | 53 (14) | 26 (12) | |
| Overall Sample | Adequate Literacy (TOFHLA > = 23) | Low Literacy (TOFHLA <23) | P | |
| N(%) or Mean ± SD | N(%) or Mean ± SD | N(%) or Mean ± SD | ||
| Clinical Characteristics | ||||
| NYHA Class | P < 0.001 | |||
| I | 114 (19) | 83 (22) | 31 (14) | |
| II | 304 (50) | 200 (53) | 104 (46) | |
| III | 118 (20) | 64 (17) | 54 (24) | |
| IV | 69 (11) | 33 (9) | 36 (16) | |
| Systolic Dysfunction: | 355 (60) | 226 (61) | 129 (58) | P = 0.51 |
| Ejection fraction <0.45 | ||||
| Systolic BP (mm/Hg) | 124.8 ± 22.7 | 122.0 ± 22.7 | 129.4 ± 22.0 | P < 0.001 |
| (N = 604) | (N = 380) | (N = 224) | ||
| Diastolic BP (mm/Hg) | 71.3 ± 12.9 | 71.6 ± 12.6 | 70.7 ± 13.3 | P = 0.38 |
| (N = 604) | (N = 380) | (N = 224) | ||
| Body Mass index | 33.1 ± 8.9 | 33.1 ± 8.9 | 33.1 ± 8.8 | P = 0.99 |
| (N = 602) | (N = 378) | (N = 224) | ||
| Creatinine level | 1.26 ± 0.54 | 1.26 ± 0.54 | 1.26 ± 0.55 | P = 0.93 |
| (N = 604) | (N = 379) | (N = 225) | ||
| Diabetes | 290 (48) | 168 (44) | 122 (54) | P = 0.02 |
| Hypertension | 513 (85) | 297 (78) | 216 (96) | P < 0.001 |
| Previous MI or angina | 230 (38) | 122 (32) | 108 (48) | P < 0.001 |
| PHQ Score | 7.4 ± 5.4 | 7.2 ± 5.5 | 7.9 ± 5.3 | P = 0.14 |
| Current smoker | 96 (16) | 67 (18) | 29 (13) | P = 0.12 |
| Medication History | ||||
| ACE-I | 391 (66) | 245 (66) | 146 (65) | P = 0.96 |
| ARB | 120 (20) | 72 (19) | 48 (21) | P = 0.49 |
| ACE-I or ARB | 497 (82) | 310 (82) | 187 (83) | P = 0.63 |
| Beta blocker | 492 (82) | 313 (83) | 179 (80) | P = 0.38 |
| Spironolactone | 166 (27) | 119 (31) | 47 (21) | P = 0.01 |
NH = Non-Hispanic, TOFHLA = Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults
ACE-I = Ace-inhibitor, ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker, BP = blood pressure, MI = myocardial infarction, NYHA = New York Heart Association, PHQ = Patient Health Questionnaire, TOFHLA = Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults