Table 1.

Summary of Longitudinal Studies Examining the Effect of Stimulant Medication on Later Substance Use in Individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Author	ADHD sample size at follow-up	Developmental stage at follow-up	Primary ethnicity	Outcome
Lambert and Hartsough (1998)	174	Young adulthood	77% Caucasian	↑
Biederman et al. (1999)	75	Late adolescent	Caucasian	↓
Loney et al. (2002)	219	Young adulthood	98% Caucasian	↓
Chilcoat and Breslau (1999)	146	Early adolescence	46% African American	↔
Molina et al. (2007)	486	Early adolescence	61% Caucasian	↔
Barkley et al. (2003)	147	Young adulthood	94% Caucasian	↔
Biederman et al. (2008)	112	Young adulthood	Caucasian	↔
Mannuzza et al. (2008)	176	Young adulthood	Caucasian	↔

Early adolescence = 11–13; late adolescent = 15–18; young adulthood = 21–25.

↑ = Psychostimulant medication increased risk for later substance use.

↓ = Psychostimulant medication decreased risk for later substance use.

↔ = Psychostimulant medication did not significantly impact risk for later substance use.

ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.