Table 5.
Mutually Adjusted Hazard Ratios for Specific Causes of Death (Frequency, >20%) for Risk Factors at Start of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART), from Multivariable Cox Models Stratified by Cohort and Calendar Year of Starting ART.
| Adjusted1 HR (95% CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cause of death | Female | age per 10 years | IDU v. non-IDU | AIDS v. no AIDS | CD4 per 100 cell/µL decrease |
log HIV-1 RNA ≥5 v. <5 log copies |
| All cause mortality | 0.84 (0.74–0.94) | 1.47 (1.41–1.54) | 2.38 (2.13–2.67) | 1.98 (1.78–2.20) | 1.22 (1.18–1.26) | 1.25 (1.13–1.38) |
| AIDS | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 1.19 (1.11–1.28) | 1.58 (1.31–1.91) | 3.20 (2.71–3.78) | 1.43 (1.34–1.53) | 1.31 (1.12–1.53) |
| Non-AIDS related | 0.81 (0.67–0.98) | 1.75 (1.64–1.87) | 3.27 (2.77–3.87) | 1.35 (1.14–1.59) | 1.08 (1.03–1.14) | 1.24 (1.07–1.44) |
| Unknown | 0.72 (0.52–1.00) | 1.58 (1.41–1.77) | 2.91 (2.17–3.89) | 1.46 (1.11–1.93) | 1.24 (1.12–1.36) | 1.12 (0.87–1.45) |
| AIDS | 0.90 (0.75–1.08) | 1.19 (1.11–1.28) | 1.58 (1.31–1.91) | 3.20 (2.71–3.78) | 1.43 (1.34–1.53) | 1.31 (1.12–1.53) |
| Non-specified AIDS | 1.29 (0.92–1.80) | 1.36 (1.18–1.56) | 1.58 (1.09–2.31) | 2.47 (1.77–3.46) | 1.65 (1.43–1.90) | 1.15 (0.84–1.59) |
| AIDS infection | 0.96 (0.74–1.24) | 1.07 (0.95–1.19) | 1.88 (1.44–2.46) | 2.29 (1.80–2.91) | 1.69 (1.52–1.88) | 1.41 (1.11–1.79) |
| AIDS malignancy | 0.58 (0.40–0.84) | 1.24 (1.09–1.40) | 1.18 (0.80–1.74) | 6.57 (4.81–8.97) | 1.05 (0.95–1.17) | 1.25 (0.94–1.65) |
| Non AIDS malignancy | 0.50 (0.31–0.79) | 2.32 (2.04–2.63) | 2.41 (1.62–3.58) | 1.26 (0.89–1.78) | 1.14 (1.02–1.27) | 0.84 (0.62–1.13) |
| Non-AIDS infection | 0.82 (0.52–1.28) | 1.51 (1.28–1.78) | 3.56 (2.35–5.39) | 1.84 (1.23–2.74) | 1.12 (0.97–1.28) | 1.85 (1.25–2.73) |
| CVD1 | 0.89 (0.56–1.41) | 2.05 (1.76–2.39) | 2.50 (1.58–3.94) | 0.97 (0.63–1.50) | 1.08 (0.95–1.23) | 1.54 (1.05–2.27) |
| MI/IHD2 | 0.47 (0.18–1.18) | 2.42 (1.92–3.06) | 1.80 (0.80–4.05) | 1.37 (0.71–2.64) | 1.05 (0.85–1.29) | 1.68 (0.91–3.10) |
| Stroke | 1.33 (0.51–3.48) | 1.80 (1.26–2.57) | 0.77 (0.17–3.44) | 0.49 (0.15–1.63) | 1.14 (0.84–1.54) | 1.07 (0.45–2.57) |
| Other heart disease | 1.14 (0.59–2.20) | 1.84 (1.42–2.38) | 4.29 (2.28–8.07) | 0.88 (0.44–1.74) | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | 1.66 (0.91–3.04) |
| Violent deaths | 0.68 (0.41–1.11) | 1.23 (1.01–1.49) | 3.68 (2.47–5.49) | 1.39 (0.89–2.18) | 0.84 (0.74–0.95) | 0.90 (0.61–1.31) |
| Suicide | 0.56 (0.25–1.28) | 1.32 (1.00–1.76) | 2.09 (1.03–4.23) | 1.32 (0.61–2.83) | 0.81 (0.67–0.99) | 0.80 (0.43–1.48) |
| Substance abuse | 0.80 (0.36–1.78) | 1.07 (0.74–1.56) | 6.88 (3.46–13.68) | 1.28 (0.60–2.77) | 0.74 (0.60–0.92) | 0.92 (0.48–1.75) |
| Other violent death | 0.64 (0.24–1.73) | 1.26 (0.88–1.81) | 3.14 (1.33–7.42) | 1.52 (0.67–3.46) | 1.03 (0.80–1.32) | 1.04 (0.50–2.17) |
| Liver-related | 1.33 (0.87–2.06) | 1.63 (1.34–1.98) | 6.05 (4.03–9.09) | 1.46 (0.94–2.28) | 1.05 (0.91–1.20) | 1.20 (0.80–1.80) |
| Hepatitis-related | 1.28 (0.71–2.33) | 1.51 (1.15–1.99) | 7.90 (4.55–13.73) | 1.14 (0.62–2.08) | 1.08 (0.90–1.30) | 1.34 (0.78–2.30) |
| Other liver-related | 1.41 (0.75–2.66) | 1.74 (1.32–2.30) | 4.53 (2.41–8.51) | 1.95 (1.00–3.79) | 1.00 (0.82–1.23) | 1.07 (0.58–1.96) |
| Respiratory disease | 1.41 (0.57–3.47) | 1.55 (1.06–2.25) | 4.94 (1.96–12.45) | 2.26 (0.94–5.45) | 1.13 (0.82–1.55) | 3.62 (1.30–10.09) |
| Renal failure | 0.33 (0.08–1.46) | 1.59 (1.11–2.28) | 1.26 (0.35–4.47) | 0.91 (0.36–2.30) | 1.73 (1.18–2.55) | 1.65 (0.66–4.14) |
| Other causes with N<20 | 0.96 (0.54–1.72) | 1.47 (1.18–1.83) | 2.27 (1.27–4.04) | 1.22 (0.71–2.09) | 1.37 (1.13–1.66) | 1.44 (0.86–2.42) |
1
Models were mutually adjusted for age, sex, IDU, CD4, viral load, prior AIDS diagnosis, cohort and year of starting ART