Table 2.

Direct and indirect effects of biological factors on extinction risk depending on whether structural equation models are fit to the data for all species (clade-independent) or fit simultaneously to data for each of the three superfamilies (clade-dependent)

	Direct effects			Indirect effects
Model	Abundance	Body size	Geographic range	Abundance	Body size
Clade-independent	0.31 ± 0.33	−0.15 ± 0.32	1.21 ± 0.34	0.32 ± 0.09	0.17 ± 0.09
Clade-dependent	0.14 ± 0.31	C, 0.07 ± 0.43; P, −1.49 ± 0.70; V, 1.41 ± 0.66	1.33 ± 0.34	0.31 ± 0.09	0.21 ± 0.09

Paths linked directly to duration are direct effects. Paths linked to duration through geographic range are indirect effects. Coefficients are presented as ±1 SE. Significance at α < 0.05 is indicated by bold type. A clade-independent model of direct and indirect effects is better supported than a clade-independent model of only direct effects. However, a clade-dependent multigroup model of direct and indirect effects, in which the direct effects of body size on duration vary among superfamilies, has the greatest support.