Table 2.

Four criteria and examples for credentialing therapeutic targets.

Criteria	Examples
The target was present.	Rheumatoid arthritis70
	TNFα overexpression was present and was etiologic in driving local inflammation and tissue destruction
The target was activated.	Crohn’s disease44
	TNFα overexpression was a driving event.
The target was altered by the intervention.	Ovarian cancer34
	Ras/Raf/ERK pathway was altered by sorafenib, a c-RAF kinase inhibitor.
The target alteration was associated with the clinical outcome.	Breast cancer 6
	HER2 amplification was associated with improved survival by trastuzumab, an anti-HER2 neutralizing antibody.