Table 10.

Univariate, bivariate ACE and ACE-β models for schooling and health (z-scores)

	Univariate ACE	Bivariate ACE	ACE-β	ACE-β with Meas. Err.
Model	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
axx	0.678** (0.069)	0.681** (0.067)	0.681** (0.067)	0.603** (0.064)
ayx	—	0.044 (0.099)	0.031 (0.127)	0.055 (0.156)
ayy	0.537** (0.127)	0.534** (0.079)	0.534** (0.079)	0.549** (0.123)
cxx	0.439** (0.098)	0.436** (0.096)	0.436** (0.096)	0.524** (0.07)
cyx	—	0.271* (0.131)	0.263* (0.127)	0.186 (0.118)
cyy	0.267 (0.213)	0.000 (0.576)	0.000 (0.58)	0.124 (0.483)
exx	0.580** (0.020)	0.579** (0.020)	0.579** (0.020)	0.466** (0.020)
eyx	—	0.011 (0.039)	—	—
eyy	0.821** (0.027)	0.820** (0.026)	0.820** (0.026)	0.819** (0.027)
β	—	—	0.019 (0.067)	0.034 (0.093)
γ	—	—	—	0.982** (0.018)
σ2(xo)	—	—	—	0.13** (0.013)
σ2(xs)	—	—	—	0.075** (0.012)
$h_x^2$	0.465	0.469	0.469	0.425
$c_x^2$	0.195	0.192	0.192	0.321
$h_y^2$	0.279	0.278	0.278	0.297
$c_y^2$	0.069	0.071	0.071	0.055
N	1,506	1,506	1,506	1,506

p-values (for model coefficients only):

^**p < .01,

^*p < .05,

⁺p < .1. N refers to individuals. All variables have been converted to z-scores with mean zero and a variance of one using cohort-specific estimates of both mean and variance of each variable. The subscripts x, y indicate the variables as: x = schooling; y = self-reported health.