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. 2011 Jul 22;4:146. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-146

Table 1.

Toxicity of organophosphates and pyrethroids against field populations of Ae. albopictus

Insecticide Location Time LC50 (95% FL) (µg mL-1) Slope ± SE χ2 df P RR* DR** n***
Chlorpyrifos Lab-PK 0.009 (0.002-0.013) 2.25 ± 0.31 0.69 5 0.98 1 _ 280
Lahore Mar. 2009 1.92 (1.27-4.95) 1.04 ± 0.25 5.73 6 0.46 156.6 _ 320
Sep. 2009 2.61 (1.35-13.21) 0.59 ± 0.26 5.84 6 0.44 247.8 0.222 320
Mar. 2010 2.88 (1.27-15.44) 0.56 ± 0.25 3.95 6 0.68 242.2 0.030 320
Sep. 2010 3.36 (1.33-8.55) 0.67 ± 0.26 2.65 6 0.85 240 0.041 320
Faisalabad Sep. 2008 2.08 (1.26-7.31) 0.66 ± 0.30 3.34 6 0.77 224.4 _ 320
Mar. 2009 2.40 (1.39-18.57) 0.59 ± 0.27 5.51 6 0.48 266 0.010 320
Sep. 2009 1.71 (1.19-3.48) 0.93 ± 0.27 5.76 6 0.45 190 -0.014 320
Mar. 2010 2.00 (1.32-5.15) 0.84 ± 0.28 6.11 6 0.41 222 -0.003 320
Sep. 2010 2.12 (1.37-6.32) 0.81 ± 0.29 6.21 6 0.40 235.6 0.001 320
Sargodha Sep. 2008 1.74 (1.15-4.29) 0.77 ± 0.25 6.51 6 0.37 193 _ 320
Mar. 2009 1.89 (1.25-4.77) 0.81 ± 0.27 9.40 6 0.15 210 0.006 320
Sep. 2009 1.57 (1.15-2.76) 1.09 ± 0.27 11.3 6 0.08 174 -0.007 320
Mar. 2010 1.48 (1.16-2.23) 1.57 ± 0.35 9.45 6 0.15 164 -0.012 320
Sep. 2010 1.69 (1.24-3.00) 1.22 ± 0.32 10.3 6 0.11 187.8 -0.002 320
Profenofos Lab-PK 0.02 (0.015-0.04) 2.41 ± 0.27 2.44 6 0.88 1 _ 320
Lahore Sep. 2008 0.56 (0.43-0.77) 1.25 ± 0.22 9.34 6 0.16 28 _ 320
Mar. 2009 0.70 (0.53-1.04) 1.09 ± 0.31 5.24 5 0.39 35 0.016 280
Sep. 2009 0.73 (0.55-1.07) 1.10 ± 0.40 7.49 6 0.28 36.5 0.019 320
Mar. 2010 0.79 (0.59-1.23) 1.05 ± 0.23 5.90 6 0.43 39.5 0.025 320
Sep. 2010 0.82 (0.52-2.26) 0.62 ± 0.23 0.53 5 0.99 41 0.028 280
Faisalabad Sep. 2008 0.80 (0.62-1.15) 1.17 ± 0.33 11.6 6 0.07 40 _ 320
Mar. 2009 0.82 (0.64-1.18) 1.19 ± 0.24 3.90 6 0.69 41 0.001 320
Sep. 2009 0.98 (0.75-1.48) 1.11 ± 0.40 7.38 6 0.29 49 0.015 320
Mar. 2010 1.03 (0.77-1.62) 1.03 ± 0.37 8.62 6 0.17 51.5 0.018 320
Sep. 2010 0.71 (0.56-0.96) 1.31 ± 0.23 9.78 6 0.13 35.5 -0.009 320
Sargodha Sep. 2008 0.49 (0.35-0.72) 0.97 ± 0.20 1.95 5 0.86 24 _ 280
Mar. 2009 0.54 (0.42-0.73) 1.44 ± 0.23 9.09 6 0.17 27 0.007 320
Sep. 2009 0.68 (0.52-0.94) 1.23 ± 0.32 6.44 6 0.38 34 0.024 320
Mar. 2010 0.52 (0.35-0.84) 0.91 ± 0.25 2.08 5 0.84 26 0.004 280
Sep. 2010 0.55 (0.39-0.74) 1.23 ± 0.25 8.09 6 0.17 27.5 0.008 320
Triazofos Lab-PK 0.036 (0.02-0.06) 2.39 ± 1.29 8.06 6 0.23 1 _ 320
Lahore Sep. 2008 1.80 (1.18-4.71) 0.75 ± 0.20 8.18 6 0.22 50 _ 320
Mar. 2009 1.94 (1.28-4.99) 0.82 ± 0.19 11.8 6 0.07 53.9 0.005 320
Sep. 2009 1.49 (1.11-2.44) 1.16 ± 0.27 7.82 6 0.25 41.4 -0.014 320
Mar. 2010 1.62 (1.22-2.70) 1.36 ± 0.33 8.20 6 0.23 45 -0.008 320
Sep. 2010 1.80 (1.28-3.50) 1.12 ± 0.31 7.57 6 0.27 50 0 320
Faisalabad Sep. 2008 2.26 (1.31-12.26) 0.58 ± 0.16 5.89 5 0.32 62.8 _ 280
Mar. 2009 2.00 (1.29-6.08) 0.79 ± 0.29 10.0 5 0.08 55.6 -0.009 280
Sep. 2009 2.26 (1.38-11.23) 0.70 ± 0.29 6.29 5 0.28 62.8 0 280
Mar. 2010 2.26 (1.42-8.69) 0.81 ± 0.32 4.33 5 0.50 62.8 0 280
Sargodha Sep. 2008 2.57 (0.55-4.51) 0.64 ± 0.29 4.73 6 0.58 71.4 _ 320
Mar. 2009 1.96 (0.88-3.01) 0.81 ± 0.27 8.49 6 0.21 54.5 -0.019 320
Sep. 2009 1.72 (0.99-2.50) 1.04 ± 0.29 11.3 6 0.08 47.8 -0.029 320
Mar. 2010 1.74 (0.92-2.61) 0.86 ± 0.40 5.63 6 0.47 48.3 -0.028 320
Sep. 2010 2.18 (0.89-3.47) 0.87 ± 0.31 3.01 6 0.81 60.6 -0.012 320
Cypermethrin Lab-PK 0.04 (0.02-0.09) 2.41 ± 0.45 5.96 6 0.43 1 _ 320
Lahore Sep. 2008 0.86 (0.66-1.29) 1.11 ± 0.23 8.62 6 0.20 21.5 _ 320
Mar. 2009 0.71 (0.57-0.95) 1.40 ± 0.35 11.6 6 0.72 17.8 -0.014 320
Sep. 2009 0.63 (0.52-0.85) 1.46 ± 0.22 10.4 6 0.11 15.8 -0.023 320
Mar. 2010 0.89 (0.69-1.30) 1.16 ± 0.24 11.3 6 0.08 22.3 0.003 320
Sep. 2010 0.83 (0.64-1.15) 1.24 ± 0.42 6.43 6 0.38 20.8 -0.003 320
Faisalabad Sep. 2008 1.02 (0.78-1.54) 1.11 ± 0.37 9.79 6 0.13 25.5 _ 320
Mar. 2009 0.78 (0.55-1.00) 1.19 ± 0.43 6.56 6 0.36 19.5 -0.019 320
Sep. 2009 0.94 (0.54-1.34) 0.82 ± 0.22 4.21 6 0.65 23.5 -0.006 320
Mar. 2010 0.94 (0.60-1.27) 1.00 ± 0.30 6.29 6 0.39 23.5 -0.006 320
Sep. 2010 0.87 (0.53-1.21) 0.87 ± 0.23 4.03 5 0.55 21.8 -0.012 280
Sargodha Sep. 2008 0.68 (0.52-0.83) 1.49 ± 0.41 9.15 6 0.17 17 _ 320
Mar. 2009 0.58 (0.46-0.70) 1.55 ± 0.24 11.9 6 0.06 14.5 -0.012 320
Sep. 2009 0.69 (0.50-0.87) 1.26 ± 0.44 7.49 6 0.28 17.3 0.001 320
Mar. 2010 0.70 (0.55-0.86) 1.57 ± 0.52 8.37 6 0.21 17.5 0.002 320
Sep. 2010 0.66 (0.49-0.83) 1.35 ± 0.37 10.5 6 0.11 16.5 -0.002 320
Deltamethrin Lab-PK 0.028 (0.02-0.04) 2.29 ± 0.24 3.39 6 0.76 1 _ 320
Lahore Sep. 2008 1.06 (0.74-1.34) 1.18 ± 0.18 4.08 6 0.67 37.9 _ 320
Mar. 2009 1.22 (0.76-1.68) 0.98 ± 0.25 4.34 6 0.63 43.6 0.010 320
Sep. 2009 0.92 (0.61-1.23) 1.02 ± 0.23 4.49 6 0.61 32.9 -0.010 320
Mar. 2010 0.41 (0.262-5.61) 0.82 ± 0.13 0.55 4 0.97 14.6 -0.069 240
Sep. 2010 1.15 (0.57-1.74) 0.72 ± 0.16 2.25 5 0.81 41.1 0.006 280
Faisalabad Sep. 2008 1.48 (0.82-2.14) 0.88 ± 0.21 4.12 6 0.66 52.8 _ 320
Mar. 2009 1.35 (0.77-1.92) 0.92 ± 0.36 1.57 5 0.91 48.2 -0.007 280
Sep. 2009 1.16 (0.72-1.60) 0.95 ± 0.21 3.78 6 0.71 41.4 -0.018 320
Mar. 2010 1.27 (0.70-1.83) 0.82 ± 0.40 3.81 6 0.70 45.4 -0.011 320
Sep. 2010 1.31 (0.77-1.71) 1.04 ± 0.38 8.61 6 0.17 46.8 -0.009 320
Sargodha Sep. 2008 0.70 (0.51-0.88) 1.33 ± 0.52 6.10 6 0.41 25 _ 320
Mar. 2009 0.88 (0.63-1.13) 1.21 ± 0.28 5.52 6 0.48 31.4 0.017 320
Sep. 2009 0.63 (0.49-0.77) 1.66 ± 0.34 11.9 6 0.06 22.5 -0.008 320
Mar. 2010 0.68 (0.44-0.99) 0.99 ± 0.42 5.65 6 0.46 24.3 -0.002 320
Sep. 2010 0.68 (0.51-0.83) 1.44 ± 0.36 9.20 6 0.16 24.3 -0.002 320
Lambdacyh-alothrin Lab-PK 0.02 (0.014-0.033) 2.32 ± 0.51 3.56 6 0.74 1 _ 320
Lahore Sep. 2008 0.91 (0.59-1.22) 1.00 ± 0.16 9.41 5 0.09 45.5 _ 280
Mar. 2009 1.16 (0.72-1.60) 0.97 ± 0.24 8.61 5 0.13 58 0.018 280
Sep. 2009 0.91 (0.61-1.20) 1.10 ± 0.26 9.22 5 0.10 45.5 0 280
Mar. 2010 0.90 (0.56-1.23) 0.92 ± 0.28 8.24 5 0.14 45 -0.001 280
Sep. 2010 1.15 (0.63-1.66) 0.81 ± 0.18 6.58 5 0.25 57.5 0.017 280
Faisalabad Sep. 2008 0.84 (0.57-1.11) 1.05 ± 0.20 9.28 6 0.16 42 _ 320
Mar. 2009 0.65 (0.44-0.87) 1.10 ± 0.31 9.71 6 0.14 33 -0.018 320
Sep. 2009 0.83 (0.61-1.05) 1.28 ± 0.44 12.0 6 0.06 41.5 -0.001 320
Mar. 2010 0.81 (0.59-1.03) 1.27 ± 0.36 8.85 6 0.18 40.5 -0.003 320
Sep. 2010 0.78 (0.52-1.04) 1.03 ± 0.26 8.41 6 0.21 39 -0.005 320
Sargodha Sep. 2008 0.42 (0.30-0.54) 1.42 ± 0.61 10.7 6 0.09 21 _ 320
Mar. 2009 0.59 (0.46-0.72) 1.62 ± 0.46 10.1 6 0.12 29.5 0.025 320
Sep. 2009 0.64 (0.49-0.80) 1.56 ± 0.44 10.4 6 0.11 32 0.030 320
Mar. 2010 0.55 (0.43-0.68) 1.56 ± 0.48 8.10 6 0.23 27.5 0.020 320
Sep. 2010 0.65 (0.45-0.86) 1.09 ± 0.26 7.05 6 0.32 32.5 0.032 320

*Resistance ratio = LC50 field population/LC50 of susceptible strain

**Rate of increase or decrease in resistance, *** Number of larvae tested in a bioassay