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. 2011 Jul 22;4:146. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-146

Table 2.

Toxicity of carbamates and new insecticides against field populations of Ae. albopictus

Insecticide Location Time LC50 (95% FL) (µg mL-1) Slope ± SE χ2 df P RR* DR** n***
Methomyl Lab-PK 0.06 (0.03-0.17) 2.56 ± 033 9.99 6 0.12 1 _ 320
Lahore Sep. 2008 1.31 (0.71-1.91) 0.81 ± 0.40 3.13 6 0.79 21.8 _ 320
Mar. 2009 1.11 (0.63-1.51) 0.84 ± 0.26 4.61 6 0.59 18.5 -0.012 320
Sep. 2009 0.95 (0.66-1.24) 1.14 ± 0.23 10.5 6 0.10 15.8 -0.023 320
Mar. 2010 0.92 (0.70-1.14) 1.46 ± 0.28 9.23 6 0.13 15.3 -0.026 320
Sep. 2010 1.23 (0.74-1.73) 0.91 ± 0.33 3.69 6 0.72 20.5 -0.005 320
Faisalabad Sep. 2008 1.33 (0.73-1.94) 0.83 ± 0.16 6.18 6 0.40 22.2 _ 320
Mar. 2009 1.20 (0.66-1.70) 0.82 ± 0.24 4.18 6 0.65 20 -0.007 320
Sep. 2009 0.99 (0.68-1.31) 1.11 ± 0.39 9.71 6 0.14 16.5 -0.021 320
Mar. 2010 0.94 (0.65-1.22) 1.13 ± 0.42 9.48 6 0.15 15.7 -0.025 320
Sep. 2010 1.23 (0.73-1.72) 0.91 ± 0.23 4.31 6 0.64 20.5 -0.006 320
Sargodha Sep. 2008 1.01 (0.69-1.32) 1.14 ± 0.34 6.36 6 0.38 16.8 _ 320
Mar. 2009 0.90 (0.61-1.20) 1.04 ± 0.22 3.26 6 0.78 15 -0.008 320
Sep. 2009 0.80 (0.57-1.03) 1.18 ± 0.52 3.54 6 0.74 13.2 -0.017 320
Mar. 2010 0.92 (0.58-1.26) 0.92 ± 0.24 6.83 6 0.34 15.3 -0.007 320
Sep. 2010 1.10 (0.72-1.47) 1.06 ± 0.42 3.09 6 0.80 18.3 0.006 320
Thiodicarb Lab-PK 0.03 (0.01-0.11) 2.28 ± 0.63 1.28 6 0.97 1 _ 320
Lahore Sep. 2008 1.05 (0.71-1.37) 1.13 ± 0.23 8.29 6 0.22 35 _ 320
Mar. 2009 0.88 (0.61-1.15) 1.12 ± 0.32 3.99 6 0.68 29.3 -0.013 320
Sep. 2009 0.90 (0.61-1.19) 1.07 ± 0.41 4.49 6 0.61 30 -0.011 320
Mar. 2010 0.71 (0.51-0.89) 1.28 ± 0.25 6.13 6 0.41 23.7 -0.028 320
Sep. 2010 0.99 (0.68-1.28) 1.17 ± 0.23 1.75 6 0.94 33 -0.004 320
Faisalabad Sep. 2008 1.10 (0.71-1.49) 1.01 ± 0.28 7.92 6 0.24 36.7 _ 320
Mar. 2009 0.89 (0.63-1.18) 1.09 ± 0.30 5.02 6 0.54 29.7 -0.015 320
Sep. 2009 0.97 (0.62-1.32) 0.97 ± 0.20 4.86 6 0.56 32.3 -0.009 320
Mar. 2010 0.76 (0.54-0.98) 1.18 ± 0.42 8.75 6 0.19 25.3 -0.027 320
Sep. 2010 1.07 (0.71-1.43) 1.06 ± 0.23 4.11 6 0.66 35.7 -0.002 320
Sargodha Sep. 2008 0.85 (0.52-1.19) 0.86 ± 0.17 5.00 6 0.54 28 _ 320
Mar. 2009 0.83 (0.58-1.09) 1.14 ± 0.29 1.85 6 0.93 27.7 -0.002 320
Sep. 2009 0.94 (0.63-1.25) 1.21 ± 0.33 4.41 6 0.62 31.2 0.007 320
Mar. 2010 0.71 (0.53-0.90) 1.31 ± 0.44 6.35 6 0.39 23.7 -0.013 320
Sep. 2010 1.03 (0.71-1.33) 1.17 ± 0.22 3.74 6 0.71 34 0.014 320
Indoxacarb Lab-PK 0.022 (0.014-0.044) 2.19 ± 0.46 1.73 6 0.94 1 _ 320
Lahore Sep. 2008 0.91 (0.59-1.21) 1.02 ± 0.24 3.62 6 0.73 41.4 _ 320
Mar. 2009 1.29 (0.76-1.83) 0.90 ± 0.17 2.62 6 0.86 58.6 0.025 320
Sep. 2009 1.12 (0.69-1.54) 0.95 ± 0.25 4.76 6 0.57 50.9 0.015 320
Mar. 2010 1.18 (0.83-1.52) 1.28 ± 0.34 10.7 6 0.10 53.6 0.019 320
Sep. 2010 1.19 (0.78-1.59) 1.07 ± 0.24 4.58 6 0.60 54.1 0.019 320
Faisalabad Sep. 2008 1.21 (0.64-1.76) 0.78 ± 0.16 3.02 6 0.81 55 _ 320
Mar. 2009 1.42 (0.78-2.07) 0.85 ± 0.38 4.00 6 0.68 64.5 0.012 320
Sep. 2009 1.87 (0.66-2.31) 0.63 ± 0.24 1.38 6 0.97 85 0.032 320
Mar. 2010 1.17 (0.82-1.53) 1.23 ± 0.43 9.78 6 0.13 53.1 -0.002 320
Sep. 2010 2.19 (0.37-4.00) 0.51 ± 0.11 3.19 6 0.78 99.5 0.043 320
Sargodha Sep. 2008 1.62 (0.56-2.69) 0.59 ± 0.18 3.77 6 0.71 73.6 _ 320
Mar. 2009 1.37 (0.73-2.00) 0.83 ± 0.42 1.98 5 0.85 62.3 -0.012 280
Sep. 2009 1.59 (0.78-2.38) 0.80 ± 0.23 3.54 6 0.74 72.3 -0.001 320
Mar. 2010 1.37 (0.77-1.89) 1.05 ± 0.25 12.0 6 0.07 62.2 -0.012 320
Sep. 2010 1.96 (0.60-3.33) 0.60 ± 0.18 3.42 6 0.75 89.1 0.014 320
Emamectin benzoate Lab-PK 0.09 (0.04-0.14) 2.35 ± 0.98 2.85 6 0.83 1 _ 320
Lahore Sep. 2008 1.39 (0.91-1.86) 1.16 ± 0.26 9.23 6 0.16 15.4 _ 320
Mar. 2009 1.65 (0.59-2.70) 0.64 ± 0.22 0.41 4 0.98 18.3 0.013 240
Sep. 2009 2.07 (0.60-3.54) 0.50 ± 0.12 7.02 6 0.32 23 0.029 320
Mar. 2010 1.61 (0.92-2.29) 1.00 ± 0.27 9.62 6 0.14 17.9 0.011 320
Sep. 2010 2.45 (1.35-4.26) 0.52 ± 0.26 2.66 6 0.85 27.2 0.041 320
Faisalabad Sep. 2008 1.35 (0.87-1.82) 1.10 ± 0.25 7.78 6 0.26 15 _ 320
Mar. 2009 1.97 (1.21-3.32) 0.61 ± 0.24 4.78 6 0.57 21.9 0.027 320
Sep. 2009 1.47 (0.91-2.02) 1.07 ± 0.26 10.9 6 0.91 16.3 0.006 320
Mar. 2010 2.00 (1.12-3.17) 0.76 ± 0.18 4.53 6 0.61 22.2 0.028 320
Sep. 2010 1.89 (0.68-2.50) 0.65 ± 0.23 1.39 6 0.98 21 0.024 320
Sargodha Sep. 2008 1.14 (0.85-1.46) 1.31 ± 0.25 7.11 6 0.31 12.7 _ 320
Mar. 2009 1.26 (0.89-1.63) 1.33 ± 0.26 4.32 6 0.63 14 0.007 320
Sep. 2009 1.67 (0.88-2.59) 0.73 ± 0.24 5.96 6 0.43 18.6 0.028 320
Mar. 2010 1.70 (0.86-2.54) 0.86 ± 0.30 7.47 5 0.19 18.9 0.029 320
Sep. 2010 1.30 (0.91-1.75) 1.10 ± 0.22 3.74 6 0.71 14.4 0.010 320
Spinosad Lab-PK 0.019 (0.02-0.13) 2.71 ± 0.44 2.92 6 0.82 1 _ 320
Lahore Sep. 2008 0.53 (0.40-0.66) 1.45 ± 0.32 3.22 6 0.78 27.9 _ 320
Mar. 2009 0.51 (0.39-0.61) 1.78 ± 0.24 3.02 6 0.81 26.8 -0.003 320
Sep. 2009 0.48 (0.38-0.57) 1.09 ± 0.26 9.25 6 0.16 25.3 -0.007 320
Mar. 2010 0.57 (0.44-0.69) 1.56 ± 0.42 7.74 6 0.26 30 0.005 320
Sep. 2010 0.59 (0.43-0.72) 1.55 ± 0.42 10.2 6 0.13 31.1 0.008 320
Faisalabad Sep. 2008 0.63 (0.46-0.81) 1.27 ± 0.23 8.32 6 0.22 33.2 _ 320
Mar. 2009 0.73 (0.55-0.91) 1.43 ± 0.38 5.18 6 0.52 38.4 0.011 320
Sep. 2009 0.50 (0.38-0.62) 1.52 ± 0.24 10.1 6 0.12 26.3 -0.012 320
Mar. 2010 0.43 (0.30-0.56) 1.29 ± 0.23 12.2 6 0.06 22.6 -0.028 320
Sep. 2010 0.95 (0.70-1.21) 1.26 ± 0.43 2.12 6 0.91 50 0.030 320
Sargodha Sep. 2008 0.56 (0.41-0.71) 1.33 ± 0.22 7.79 6 0.25 29.5 _ 320
Mar. 2009 0.73 (0.54-0.93) 1.29 ± 0.22 4.91 6 0.56 38.4 0.019 320
Sep. 2009 0.52 (0.39-0.64) 1.50 ± 0.36 10.0 6 0.16 27.4 -0.005 320
Mar. 2010 0.43 (0.29-0.56) 1.22 ± 0.23 9.93 6 0.13 22.6 -0.019 320
Sep. 2010 0.85 (0.62-1.07) 1.44 ± 0.56 3.16 6 0.79 44.7 0.030 320

*Resistance ratio = LC50 field population/LC50 of susceptible strain

**Rate of increase or decrease in resistance *** Number of larvae tested in a bioassay