Table 1.
The Role of TRAIL in the Immune Response to Viral Infection and in Viral Pathogenesis
| Protective Role of TRAIL-mediated Apoptosis Through the Clearance of Infected Cells | ||
|---|---|---|
| Pathogen | Mechanism | References |
| Human immunodeficiency virus | Increased expression of TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, and soluble TRAIL | 109, 110 |
| Cytomegalovirus | Increased expression of TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 | 7, 101 |
| Hepatitis B virus | Increased expression of TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, and TRAIL | 25, 43 |
| Hepatitis C virus | Increased expression of TRAIL-R1 and TRAIL-R2 | 24, 93 |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | Increased expression of TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, and TRAIL | 94, 106 |
| Reovirus | Increased expression TRAIL-R1, TRAIL-R2, and soluble TRAIL | 95 |
| Hantaan virus | Increased expression of TRAIL and soluble TRAIL | 96 |
| Encephalomyocarditis virus | Increased expression of TRAIL | 90 |
| Measles virus | Increased expression of TRAIL | 102, 103 |
| Ebola virus | Increased expression of TRAIL | 107, 108 |
| Pathogenic Role of TRAIL-mediated Apoptosis in Viral Dissemination and Immune Escape | ||
| Pathogen | Mechanism | References |
| Adenovirus | Adenovirus E1A protein sensitizes cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis | 97 |
| Human papilloma virus (HPV) | HPV E7 protein sensitizes cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis | 98 |
| Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) | HTLV Tax oncoprotein sensitizes cells to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis | 99 |
| Influenza virus | Promotes NF-kB induction of TRAIL | 100 |