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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Aug 21.
Published in final edited form as: J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010 Apr;40(4):A1–A37. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2010.0303
I Evidence obtained from high-quality diagnostic studies, prospective studies, or randomized controlled trials
II Evidence obtained from lesser-quality diagnostic studies, prospective studies, or, randomized controlled trials (eg, weaker diagnostic criteria and reference standards, improper randomization, no blinding, <80% follow-up)
III Case controlled studies or retrospective studies
IV Case series
V Expert opinion