TABLE 3.

Associations between socioeconomic or cohort variables and the percentage of energy from animal-source foods (ASF), fats/oils, and grains [China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS)]¹

	ASF		Fats/oils		Grains
	Child	Mother	Child	Mother	Child	Mother
Household residence
Rural	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Urban	3.22 (2.93, 3.52)*	3.42 (3.14, 3.70)*	1.46 (1.27, 1.65)*#	2.82 (2.63, 3.00)* #	−5.92 (−6.08, −5.75)*	−6.11 (−6.30, −5.92)*
Annual household income2	−0.14 (−0.88, 0.61)	0.08 (−0.63, 0.78)	−0.32 (−0.83, 0.19)	−0.46 (−0.95, 0.03)	0.36 (−0.52, 1.23)	0.17 (−0.65, 0.99)
Maternal education
None/primary	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Middle school	3.91 (2.90, 4.93)*	3.12 (2.75, 3.48)*	0.23 (−0.43, 0.91)#	1.18 (0.53, 1.83)*#	−4.53 (−4.69, −4.36)*	−4.64 (−4.80, −4.49)*
High school	5.12 (3.84, 6.41)*	5.25 (4.04, 6.46)*	0.86 (−0.09, 1.81)#	1.74 (0.82, 2.66)*#	−6.31 (−7.96, −4.66)*	−6.68 (−6.76, −6.59)*
Technical, college or higher	8.07 (8.00, 8.15)*	6.39 (4.43, 8.36)*	0.17 (−1.46, 1.80)#	2.69 (2.65, 2.74)*#	−11.8 (−11.9, −11.8)*	−13.2 (−15.8, −10.5)*
Cohort
Cohort A	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Cohort B	−0.56 (−0.90, −0.22)‡	0.05 (−0.32, 0.42)	0.80 (0.48, 1.11)*	1.70 (1.39, 2.00)*	−1.87 (−2.31, −1.44)*	−2.23 (−2.65, −1.95)*
Cohort C	1.52 (1.20, 1.84)*	0.54 (0.21, 0.87)‡	2.97 (2.68, 3.25)*#	4.56 (4.28, 4.84)*#	−8.79 (−9.18, −8.40)*	−7.99 (−8.30, −7.68)*
Cohort D	1.24 (0.83, 1.66)*	0.65 (0.22, 1.08)†	6.43 (6.11, 6.75)*	6.20 (5.89, 6.51)*	−9.83 (−10.3, −9.37)*	−9.83 (−10.2, −9.45)*
Age of child
Child 3–5 y	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref	Ref
Child 6–8 y	−1.06 (−2.15, 0.03)#	−0.40 (−1.36, 0.56)#	1.15 (0.86, 1.45)*	0.75 (0.46, 1.03)*	0.42 (0.09, 0 0.75)‡	−0.67 (-1.86, 0.52)
Child 9–12 y	0.15 (−0.95, 1.25)#	1.65 (0.68, 2.63)†#	2.29 (1.98, 2.56)*	2.07 (1.78, 2.37)*	−1.55 (−1.89, −1.21)*#	−4.01 (−5.21, −2.81)*#

¹Values are regression coefficient (95% CI). * < 0.0001, ^†P < 0.01, ^‡P < 0.05. ^#Rejection of null hypothesis that mother and child coefficients are equal (P < 0.01).

²A one-unit increase in income is equal to 1000 yuan.