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Mechanisms of Hyperhomocysteinemia-Induced Pathogenesis
| Molecular effects of HHcy | Cellular effects of HHcy |
|---|---|
| Decreased NO production | Endothelial dysfunction |
| Decreased NO bioavailability | Impaired EC vasorelaxation |
| Oxidative stress | Mitochondrial damage |
| Lipid peroxidation | SMC proliferation |
| Coagulation | ECM degradation |
| Clotting | DNA and RNA damage |
| Inflammation | Apoptosis |
HHcy, hyperhomocysteinemia; NO, nitric oxide; EC, endothelial cell; SMC, smooth muscle cell; ECM, extracellular matrix.
