Table 3.

Full Information Maximum Likelihood Estimates (Regression Coefficients and 95% Confidence Intervals) for Verbal Memory at 53 Years.

Study Variable	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	Model 4
Gender (female = 1)	2.12 (1.72, 2.51)***	2.19 (1.81, 2.57)***	2.24 (1.86, 2.62)***	1.97 (1.57, 2.37)***
Cognition at 8 years (per point increase)	0.07 (0.06, 0.08)***	0.03 (0.02, 0.04)***	0.03 (0.02, 0.04)***	0.03 (0.02, 0.04)***
Formal education by 26 yearsa
Vocational only	0.62 (−0.17, 1.41)	0.01 (−0.76, 0.77)	−0.07 (−0.83, 0.70)	−0.26 (−1.03, 0.50)
O level	3.43 (2.85, 4.02)***	2.18 (1.60, 2.76)***	2.07 (1.49, 2.65)***	1.69 (1.09, 2.29)***
A level	4.01 (3.44, 4.58)***	2.38 (1.79, 2.96)***	2.14 (1.55, 2.73)***	1.74 (1.13, 2.35)***
Higher	5.35 (4.52, 6.18)***	3.14 (2.30, 3.98)***	2.93 (2.09, 3.78)***	2.33 (1.44, 3.21)***
Cognition at 26 years (per point increase)		0.28 (0.24, 0.31)***	0.27 (0.23, 0.31)***	0.26 (0.22, 0.29)***
Adult educationb
No qualifications			0.98 (0.47, 1.48)***	0.83 (0.33, 1.34)***
Qualifications up to O level			0.81 (0.30, 1.31)**	0.71 (0.20, 1.22)**
Qualifications beyond O level			1.22 (0.54, 1.91)***	1.09 (0.41, 1.77)**
Occupational social class mobilityc
M → NM				0.96 (0.26, 1.65)***
NM → M				0.73 (−0.07, 1.54)
NM → NM				1.51 (0.89, 2.13)***
R2	.294	.349	.353	.362

Notes: O level = ordinary secondary education; A level = advanced secondary education; M = manual; NM = nonmanual.

^aNo formal education qualifications is the reference group.

^bNo adult education is the reference group.

^cM → M is the reference group.

**p <.01; ***p <.001.