Table 5.
Full Information Maximum Likelihood Estimates (Regression Coefficients and 95% Confidence Intervals) for Speed and Concentration at 53 Years.
| Study Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (female = 1) | 19.18 (13.72, 24.63)*** | 19.34 (13.72, 24.63)*** | 18.97 (13.49, 24.45)*** | 15.38 (9.57, 21.18)*** | ||||
| Cognition at 8 years (per point increase) | 0.23 (0.11, 0.36)*** | 0.15 (0.11, 0.36)* | 0.16 (0.01, 0.30)* | 0.13 (−0.02, 0.28) | ||||
| Formal education by 26 yearsa | ||||||||
| Vocational only | 0.45 (−10.54, 11.43) | −0.36 (−11.39, 10.67) | −0.34 (−11.37, 10.69) | −2.27 (−13.35, 8.81) | ||||
| O level | 9.25 (1.13, 17.37)* | 7.60 (−0.84, 16.04) | 7.38 (−1.08, 15.83) | 2.86 (−5.89, 11.61) | ||||
| A level | 14.74 (6.81, 22.66)*** | 12.54 (4.07, 21.02)** | 12.20 (3.61, 20.80)** | 7.47 (−1.43, 16.38) | ||||
| Higher | 30.01 (18.48, 41.54)*** | 27.16 (14.96, 39.35)*** | 26.39 (14.11, 38.66)*** | 18.37 (5.51, 31.23)** | ||||
| Cognition at 26 years (per point increase) | 0.48 (−0.06, 1.01) | 0.50 (−0.04, 1.03) | 0.34 (−0.20, 0.89) | |||||
| Adult educationb | ||||||||
| No qualifications | 1.87 (−5.45, 9.18) | 0.62 (−6.73, 7.97) | ||||||
| Qualifications up to O level | −4.75 (−12.11, 2.61) | −5.33 (−12.70, 2.04) | ||||||
| Qualifications beyond O level | −0.14 (−10.02, 9.74) | −1.19 (−11.07, 8.70) | ||||||
| Occupational social class mobilityc | ||||||||
| M → NM | 0.16 (−10.02, 10.33) | |||||||
| NM → M | 9.83 (−2.04, 21.70) | |||||||
| NM → NM | 15.81 (6.72, 24.89)*** | |||||||
| R2 | .049 | .051 | .052 | .057 | ||||
Notes: O level = ordinary secondary education; A level = advanced secondary education; M = manual; NM = nonmanual.
aNo formal education qualifications is the reference group.
bNo adult education is the reference group.
cM → M is the reference group.
*p <.05; **p <.01; ***p <.001.